Project report

on BSNL C-DOT And

Networking

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BSNL BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

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BSNL

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

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To be a world class Telecommunication Company integrated in information exchange business with dominant Indian leadership and global presence.

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Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Within a span of five years it has become one of the largest public sector unit in India.
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BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages and wining customer's confidence. Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges, 18000 BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier and North-eastern region of the country. BSNL serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services. BSNL is numero uno operator of India in all services in its license area. The company offers vide ranging & most transparent tariff schemes designed to suite every customer.
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BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers, garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account Less Internet(CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0.6 million DataOne broadband customers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute.
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Scaling new heights of success, the present turnover of BSNL is more than Rs.351,820 million (US $ 8 billion) with net profit to the tune of Rs.99,390 million (US $ 2.26 billion) for last financial year. The infrastructure asset on telephone alone is worth about Rs.630,000 million (US $ 14.37 billion). BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 47 millions lines to 125 million lines by December 2007 and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next three years. The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India.

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BATTERY AND POWER PLANT

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Any power supply arrangement for a communication system must have two basic characteristics. Reliability of the components of the power plant and continuity of the power supply. The power fed to the exchange equipment should be free from noise or hum and to telegraph equipment from large nipple harmonics.

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Source of Power :
Power for the communication system is desired

from various sources, of which the important ones utilized in the department are detailed below :
Commercial AC power supplies
Primary Cells Prime mover generating sets

Secondary cells
Static rectifier unit

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TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART

SL. Nature of No. fault Problem Causes Remedy 1 FR/FC Fail Led is lighted on the front Panel of the main rack - Any one or more rectifier modules has/have failed. Following may be the reasons of the failure : (i) Input MCB or AC input connector open. (ii) Output MCB or output connector open. (iii) Improper load sharing between the modules. Check each rectifier module front panel to find out which rectifier has failed. (i) Switch ON the I/P MCB or connect AC input connector. (ii) Switch on the O/P MCB or connect the OP connector. (iii) Check that the 8 pin flat cable is connected properly in each module and there is no break in daisy chaining of the above cable.

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Battery isolated Led is lighted on the front panel of the Main Rack

Any one or more of the Choose the knife Btty. path knife switch is switch properly. open

Load Voltage High LED is lighted Dc output voltage

of the Press

the

Load

on the front panel of the main system is higher than 57V Voltage High Reset rack. because of some fault in push button provided any one of the module. on the front panel. All the modules will be again ON if the fault was of temporary

nature otherwise all the modules will be again

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OFF
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simultaneously

Load Voltage Low - This may happen when the Urgent action to restore the LED is lighted on the system is working on batteries AC input supply is required front panel of the for the long time and the O/P as the batteries need to be voltage of the system has become manually disconnected for lower than 44V. the safety of the batteries.

main rack.

- The PSC Card may be faulty.

Replace the faulty PSC

card.

Mains out of range Either the AC input supply to Take the corrective action LEd is lighted on the the main rack is not coming or for the mains supply or front
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panel

of

the the mains supply is too low or too starry the DG set.
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Mains on battery - If by any reason the Check for the equipment path load, It

discharge LED is voltage of the modules may be too high resulting in the
lighted on the front become less than the current limit of the modules. Isolate

panel of the main voltage of the batteries, the faulty rack by opening the knife rack. this lamp may come. switch in the DCDB

- The PSC card may be - Replace the faulty PSC card. faulty.

System over load - The power system is Check the path which is drawing more Led is lighted on getting overloaded. current. Take the corrective action.
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4/30/2012 the front panel of - The PSC card may be -Replace the faulty PSC card.

When it comes to connecting the four corners of the nation, and much beyond, one solitary name lies embedded at the pinnacle - BSNL. A company that has gone past the number games and the quest to attain the position of a leader . It is working round the clock to take India into the future by providing world class telecom services for people of India. BSNL is India's no. 1 Telecom Service provider and most trusted Telecom brand of the Nation. Driven by the very best of telecom technology from chosen global leaders, it connects each inch of the nation to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step into tomorrow. Here is an overview of the World Class services offered by the BSNL:
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BASIC TELEPHONE SERVICES: The Plain old, Countrywide telephone Service

through 32,000 electronic exchanges. Digitalized Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) with a host of Phone Plus value additions.

BSNL launched DataOne broadband service in January 2005 which shall be extended to 198 cities very shortly. The service is being provided on existing copper infrastructure on ADSL2 technology. The minimum speed offered to the customer is 256 Kbps at Rs. 250/- per month only. Subsequently, other services such as VPN, Multicasting, Video Conferencing, Video-on-Demand, Broadcast application etc will be added.
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Internet
Keeping the global network of Networks networked, the

countrywide Internet Services of BSNL under the brand name includes Internet dial up/ Leased line access, CLI based access (no account is required) and DIAS service, for web browsing and E-mail applications. You can use your dialup sancharnet account from any place in India using the same access no '172233' , the facility which no other ISP has. BSNL has customer base of more than 1.7 million for sancharnet service.
BSNL also offers Web hosting and co-location services at

very cheap rates.

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ISDN
Integrated Service Digital Network Service of BSNL utilizes a unique digital network providing high speed and high quality voice, data and image transfer over the same line. It can also facilitate both desktop video and high quality video conferencing.

Intelligent Network Services

Intelligent Network Service (In Service) offers value-added services, such as: Free Phone Service (FPH) India Telephone Card (Prepaid card) Account Card Calling (ACC) Virtual Private Network (VPN) Tele-voting Premium Rae Service (PRM) Universal Access Number Bhatt; IT 4th Year ;DBIT 4/30/2012 Pankaj (UAN) and more

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I Net
India s x.25 based packet Switched Public Data Network is operational in 104 cities of the country. It offers x.25 x.28 leased, x.28 Dial up (PSTN) Connection) and frame relay services.

Leased Lines And Datacom

BSNL provides leased lines for voice and data communication for various application on point to point basis. It offers a choice of high, medium and low speed leased data circuits as well as dialup lines. Bandwidth is available on demand in most cities. Managed Leased Line Network (MLLN) offers flexibility of providing circuits with speeds of nx64 kbps upto 2mbps, useful for Internet leased lines and International Principle Leased Circuits (IPLCs).
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Cellular Mobile Service

Countrywide Cellular Service Pre-paid Card BSNLs GSM cellular mobile service Cellone has a customer base of over 5.2 million. CellOne provides all the services like MMS, GPRS, Voice Mail, E-mail, Short Message Service (SMS) both national and international, unified messaging service (send and receive e-mails) etc. You can use CellOne in over 160 countries worldwide and in 270 cellular networks and over 1000 cities/towns across India. It has got coverage in all National and State Highways and train routes. CellOne offers all India Roaming facility to both pre-paid and post-paid customers (including Mumbai & Delhi).

Wireless In Local Loop

This is a communication system that connects customers to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as a substitute for conventional wires fsor all or part of the connection between the subscribers and the telephone exchange. Countrywide WLL is being offered in areas that are non-feasible for the normal network. Helping relieve congestion of connections in the normal cable/wire based network in urban areas. Connecting the remote and scattered rural areas. Limited mobility without any name; IT 4thcharge name 4/30/2012 Your air-time Year college

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ROLE OF IT IN BSNL
With the convergence of technologies, catalyzed by the global IT revolution the world is witnessing change as never before in recorded history. In the realm of telecommunication, the change and the pace of it are more pronounced - from basic telephony to voice, video and data services, and from bandwidth on demand to virtual private networks, IT is making the entire plethora of BSNL's telecom services expand. And, being rapidly implemented as the backbone for running customer-friendly services: FRS (Fault Repair System), DQ (Directory Enquiry), IVRS (Interactive Voice Response System) and Accounting and billing systems are already operational at BSNL. DOTSOFT , an integrated commercial & FRS package being inducted countrywide, to provide single window convenience. Telephone Directory on CD ROM and on the internet. Infrastructure, technology and expertise for full service support to e-commerce enterprises.
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C-DOT
Brief History

The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) is the Telecom Technology development centre of the Government of India. It was established in August 1984 as an autonomous body. It was vested with full authority and total flexibility to develop state-of-theart telecommunication technology to meet the needs of the Indian telecommunication network. The key objective was to build a centre for excellence in the area of telecom technology. design and develop digital exchanges and facilitate their large scale manufacture by the Indian Industry, the development of transmission equipment was also added to its scope of work in 1989.

While the initial mandate of C-DOT in 1984 was to

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Objectives
Work on telecom technology products and services. Provide solutions for current and future requirements of telecommunication and converged networks including those required for rural applications. Provide market orientation to R&D activities and sustain C-DOT as a centre of excellence. Build partnerships and joint alliances with industry, solution providers, Telco's and other development organizations to offer cost effective solutions. Support Telco's and service providers in the introduction of new technologies, features and services by optimal utilization of installed networks.

Organization
The management of C-DOT has a three-tier structure: The Governing Council , The Steering Committee, The Project Board ; provides policy guidelines and approves the annual budget of the Centre. More has the role of reviewing and monitoring the performance of the 4/30/2012 Your name; IT 4th Year college name 25 Centre.

Manufacturing
C-DOT has already transferred the following technologies to various manufacturers.

Product/Technology
265P RAX SBM RAX DSS MAX NSE IVRS ATM TDMA-PMP

No. of Manufacturers
- Rural Automatic Exchange 13 (List) -12 (List) - Digital Swtiching Systems Main Automatic Exchange 11 (List) -11 (List) - 11 (List) - ATM Core Switch, Multiplexers and Interfaces. 1 (List) - Time Division Multiple Access- Point-toMulti-Point 6 (List

C-DOTs current product portfolio spans world-class Digital Switching Systems, Intelligent Network Solutions, Access Network products, Voice over IP solutions, SDH & WDM technologies, Satellite Communication Systems, Network Management Systems and Operation Support Systems. Digital Switching systems, Intelligent Network systems and Rural Telecom products from C-DOT dominate the large Indian Telecom Network. This distinction emerges from the cost-effectiveness and ruggedness of C-DOT products as well as a comprehensive technology transfer and field support methodology that focuses on long-term relationship 26 with4/30/2012 the technology recipients, network operators and service providers.

Current Focus
C-DOTs current product portfolio spans world-class Digital Switching Systems, Intelligent Network Solutions, Access Network products, Voice over IP solutions, SDH & WDM technologies, Satellite Communication Systems, Network Management Systems and Operation Support Systems. Digital Switching systems, Intelligent Network systems and Rural Telecom products from C-DOT dominate the large Indian Telecom Network. This distinction emerges from the costeffectiveness and ruggedness of C-DOT products as well as a comprehensive technology transfer and field support methodology that focuses on long-term relationship with the technology recipients, network operators and service providers.

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Focus Areas:Commercial support for legacy system. Advanced Intelligent Network Services. Operational Support Systems. Network Management Systems. Fixed and Mobile Rural Wireless Systems. Next Generation Network Systems for Intercity Trunk Exchanges. Strategic Sector Development Projects.

Achivements: C-DOT Technology based Systems from 200 Lines to 40,000 Lines Capacity in Operation More than 30,000 C-DOT Exchanges totaling approximately 25 million telephone lines installed and operational in field Deployed telecom equipment value of Rs. 7500 Crore Significant technology transfer and royalty earnings Technology development with low capital investment Wide porfolio technologies, products and solutions Created large reservoir of technical manpower in telecom Established a technology transfer process for production by multiple manufacturers
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SERVICES:Consultancy Training Transfer of Technology Field Support

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Consultancy
C-DOT's greatest asset is the extensive knowledge base that it has acquired during the course of developing cost effective communication technologies. This results in saving on Capital expenditure and also on service satisfaction for our customers. Helping our customers design cost-effective networks that meet their service needs, while ensuring a consistent operational environment, is the goal of our Consultation services. The customer gets: Access to a high level of expertise without additional resource investment
Improved asset productivity and time-to-market Cost-effective network planning

Training
C-DOT provides adequate hardware and software training to the engineers of the recipient for understanding, manufacturing, testing, installing and maintaining its products. The training, essentially, comprises classroom lectures with hands-on training given in phases, for easy absorption of the product and manufacturing technology. Technical Assistance Technical assistance from C-DOT experts, including usage of C-DOT production facility, is made available during establishment of production infrastructure, prototype 4/30/2012 fabrication, testing, fabrication of testers, system integration and validation phases. 30

Transfer Of Technology
The Transfer of Technology (TOT) philosophy of C-DOT aims at a high rate of success in the technology transfer process. It aims at educating the recipients of technology not only on the infrastructural requirements and requisite know-how for production, but also at providing the licensed manufacturers with vital details about the sources for the capital equipment and components. The manufacturers are provided the specifications of the capital equipment and components in order to facilitate them in the procurement process. The batch acceptance procedure and the accepted quality norms are also included in the assistance. The TOT Process The TOT Package
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Field Support
Control Room C-DOT maintains three control rooms at New Delhi, Bangalore and Kolkata to provide online telephonic assistance for its products in the field. Queries on installation, operation and maintenance of C-DOT exchanges are handled. On site help is also provided for site planning, problem solving, new installations and hardware/software upgrades. Repair Centres C-DOT maintains a repair centre at Delhi for repairing the cards of C-DOT exchanges in Indian telecom network. This repair centre is primarily for such sites as require immediate repair of the cards. In addition, C-DOT has assisted Department of Telecom in the establishing of more than forty two repair centres. Training/Workshops C-DOT also conducts intensive operation and maintenance oriented training courses for field personnel of the customer. Theoretical as well as hands on training is provided. These training course are tailored to suit field requirements. C-DOT also conducts workshops for various Telecom circles whenever any new software features/or hardware upgrades are introduced. The objective is to educate the user about the new features. C-DOT also extends 4/30/2012 Your name; IT 4th Year college name 32 faculty support for lectures to the customers.

SOLUTIONS AND PRODUCTS

ATM Circuit Switch Intelligent Network Solutions Messaging Solutions Network Management Convergent Billing And Operation Support System Optical Transport Rural Broadband Wireless Solutions

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ATM
(Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network Switching Platform) The C-DOT BISDN switching system is an integrated architecture solution to complex multiple public networks problem. The series covers a wide range of products for small wide area network to large public networks carrying integrated voice, video, data and multimedia traffic. Products in the series range from multi-service access network units, through network multiplexers, to carrier class core switches for establishing wide area backbone networks.

Circuit Switch
Switches developed by C-DOT have 50% of the fixed line Indian market share in terms of number of lines. C-DOT has brought out new state-of-the-art versions of rural as well as urban digital switches of variable capacities from over 200 subscribers to 100,000 subscribers both in stand-alone versions and multiple-module versions respectively. All the switches have contemporary features and are built in such a way that the same can also support emerging features and service requirements.
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Intelligent Network Solutions

C-DOT offers a scalable, cost-effective and versatile integrated Intelligent Network (IN) Solution comprising SSP, IP, SCP and SMP. It can be used for quick deployment of feature-rich value-added telecommunication services for the fixed & mobile network and the Internet. Each node is individually scalable to meet the growing demand for services in a cost-effective manner. The solution is compliant to ITU-T, ETSI and IETF standards and is ready for multivendor multi-service network.

Messaging Solutions
The Fixed line SMS technology brings all the benefits of messaging services, hitherto available to the cellular mobile users only, to the fixed line users. Fixed line subscribers can send/receive short messages to/from POTS, CDMA, WLL and GSM & CDMA cellular mobile subscribers. While the fixed line service providers can use the FSMS for adding value to their service offerings, this technology opens up a plethora of opportunities for third-party content providers and marketers. It is also a very powerful tool for the government sector initiatives such as e-governance. In the longer run, telecom operators and service providers can expect a substantial revenue stream from these 4/30/2012 Your name; IT 4th Year college name 35 services.

Network Management solutions

The C-DOT Network Management System (CNMS) is a part of the CNMS range of network management solutions from C-DOT. The CNMS provides a scalable software solution to Manage, Monitor, Control and Maintain the performance of any Network Element online in real-time from one or more Network Control Centers. Each Network Control Center can monitor and control a group of network elements connected to it. The CNMS is useful in a wide range of network providing diverse applications, and ensures high quality of uninterrupted service with optimum utilization of the network resources and effective improvement of the overall network performance and productivity.

Convergent Billing & Operation support System

C-DOT`s Billing & Operations Support System (C-BOSS) is a convergent customer care, billing and accounting platform for competitive multi-service, multi-technology and multi-vendor telecommunication network. It is a one-stop solution for managing a wide range of basic and value added services over fixed line (PSTN, ISDN, Leased lines), mobile (WLL, 2G, GPRS & 3G) , ATM and Internet Protocol networks.
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Optical Transport
In the optical areas, C-DOT is able to offer compact and cost effective STM1 system of the SDH hierarchy and optical booster amplifier for long range broad band optical fibre backbone networks. The development of Dense and Coarse Wavelength Multiplexing systems is in advanced state of completion.

Rural Wireless Access and Broadband Solution

The C-DOT Rural Wireless Access and Broadband Solution provides valueadded features for support of integrated voice, multimedia and broadband services. It also enables faster rollout of services. The solution is based on a combination of cost-effective WiMAX and WiFi technologies for providing services in scattered, low population density areas.
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COMPUTER NETWORK
Introduction
During the 20th century the key technology has been information gathering, processing and distribution. Among other developments we have seen the installation of worldwide telephone networks, the birth and unexpected growth of the computer industry and the launching of communication satellites. These areas are rapidly converging. The merging of computers systems are organized. The old model of a single computer serving all the organization needs is rapidly being replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers do the job. These systems are called Computer Networks. A network is a set of devices (often called nodes) connected by media link. A node can be a computer, printer or any other device capable of sending and receiving data generated by other nodes of network. Networks use distributed processing in which a task is divided among multiple computers.

Advantages
Security Distributed database Your name; IT 4th Year college name 4/30/2012 Faster and Collaborative Processing
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Networking Goals
Resource sharing: To make all programs, data and peripherals available to anyone on the network, irrespective of physical location of resource and user. Reliability: A file can have copies on two or three different machines, so if one is unavailable other copies can be used. Cost Factor: Personal computers have better price / performance ratio than microcomputers. So its better to have PCs, one per user, with stored data on one shared file server machine. Communication medium: Using a network its possible for 3 managers working far apart to prepare financial report of the company. The changes at one end can be noticed at the other end thud it speeds up the operation.

Networking Criteria
Performance: It depends on the number of users and type of transmission media. The kind of hardware used also decides the performance level of the network and so does the software being used. Reliability: Its measured by the frequency of failure, the rate at which the network is interrupted with a failure and also the recovery time that is the time taken to recover and get the problem rectified. Security: Care had to be taken against unauthorized access into the particular areas of the network and to secure the network against the viruses.
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Applications
Data communications network has become an indispensable part of business, industry and entertainment source network application. Marketing And Sales: Computer networks used extensively marketing and sales organization. Marketing official use them to collect exchange and analyze data relating to customer needs and product development cycles. Sales application included telescoping. Financial Services: Includes credit history searches, foreign exchange and investment services and electronics fund transfer which allow a transfer of money without going to the bank. Manufacturing: Computer networks used in manufacturing process. Two applications that use networks to provide essential services are Computer Assisted Design (CAD) and Computer Assisted Manufacturing (CAM). Other applications include Electronic Messaging, directory services, Information Services, Teleconferencing, Cellular telephone, and Cable television.

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Network Topologies
Some of most common topologies in use today include:

Bus:- Each node is daisy-chained (connected one right after the other)
along the same backbone, similar to Christmas Lights. Information sent from a node travels along the backbone until it reaches its destination node. Each end of a bus network must be terminated with a resistor to keep the signal that is sent by a node across the network from bouncing back when it reaches the end of the cable.

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Ring:- Like a bus network, rings have the nodes daisy- chained. The difference is
that the end of the network comes back around to the first node, creating a complete circuit. In a ring network, each node takes a turn sending and receiving information through the use of a token.

The token, along with any data, is sent from the first node to the second node, which extracts the data addressed to it and adds any data it wishes to send. Then the second node passes the token and data to the third node, and so on until it comes back around to the first node again. Only the node with the token is allowed to send data. All other nodes must wait for the token to come to them.
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Star:- In a star network, each node is connected to central devices called a

Hub. The hub takes a single that cones from any node and passes it along it along to all the other nodes in the network. A hub does not perform any type of filtering or routing of the data. It is simply a junction that joins all the different nodes together.

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Star Bus:-

Probably the most common network topology in use today, star bus combines elements of the star and bus topologies to create a versatile network environment. Nodes in particular areas are connected to hubs (creating stars), and the hubs are connected together along the network backbone (like a bus network). Quite often, stars are nested within stars, as seen in the example below:

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Types of Networks
Local Area Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Internet

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LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A computer network, which spans a relatively small area, is known as LAN. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings. However, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN). Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers. Each node (individual computer) in a LAN has its own CPU with which it executes programs, but it also is able to access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that many users can share expensive devices, such as laser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions. There are many different types of LANs Ethernets being the most common foe PCs. Most Apple Macintosh networks are based on Apples Apple Talk network system, which is built into Macintosh computers. The following characteristics differentiate one LAN from another:

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 Topology:

The geometric arrangement of devices on the network. For example, devices can be arranged in a ring or in a straight line.

Protocols:

The roles and encoding specifications for sending data. The protocols also determine whether the network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.

Media:

Twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, or fiber optic cables can connect devices. Some networks do without connecting media altogether, communicating instead via radio waves.

LANs are capable of transmitting data at very faster than data can be transmitted over a telephone line; but the distances are limited, and there is also a limit on the number of computers that can be attached to a single LAN.
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LAN Transmission Methods

LAN data transmission fall into three classifications: unicast, multicast, and broadcast. In each type of transmission, a single packet is sent to one or more nodes. In a Unicast Transmission, a single packet is sent from the source to a destination on a network. First, the source node addresses the packet by using the address of the destination node. The package is then sent onto the network, and finally, the network passes the packet to its destination. A Multicast Transmission consists of a single data packet that is copies and sent to a specific subset of nodes on the network. First, the source node addresses the packet by using a multicast address. The packet is then sent into the network, which makes copies of the packet and sends a copy to each node that is part of the multicast address. A Broadcast Transmission consists of a single data packet that is copied and sent to all modes on the network. In these types of transmission, the source node addresses the packet by using the makes copies of the packet and 4/30/2012 Your name; IT 4th Year college name 48 sends a copy to every node on the network.

LAN Topologies
LAN topologies define the manner in which network devices are organized. Fore common LAN topologies exist: Bus, Ring, Star, and Tree. These topologies are logical architectures, but the actual devices need not be physically organized in these configurations. Logical bus and Ring topologies, for example, are commonly organized physically as a Star. A Bus topology is a linear LAN architecture in which transmission from network stations propagate the length of the medium and are received by all other stations. Of the three most widely used LAN implementations, Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networks-including 100 Base T-implement a bus topology, which is illustrated in Figure.

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A Ring Topology is a LAN architecture that consists of a series of devices connected to one another by unidirectional transmission links to form a single closed loop. Booth Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) networks implement a ring topology. Figure depicts a logical ring topology. Figure: Some networks Implement a Logical Ring Topology

Star Topology is a LAN architecture in which the endpoints on a

network are connected to a common central hub, or switch, by dedicated links. Logical bus and ring topologies are often implemented physically in a star 4/30/2012 Your name; 4th Year college 50 topology, which is illustrated inITFigure. name

A Tree Topology is a LAN architecture that is identical to the bus topology, except that branches with multiple nodes are possible in this case. Figure illustrates a logical tree topology. Figure: A Logical Tree Topology Can Contain Multiple Nodes

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LAN Devices
Devices commonly used in LANs include repeaters, hubs, LAN extenders, bridges, LAN switches, and routers.

A Repeater us a physical layer device used to interconnect the media

segments of an extended network. A repeater essentially enables a series of cable segments to be treated as a single cable. Repeaters receive signals from one network segment and amplify, retime, and retransmit those signals to another network segment. These actions prevent signal deterioration caused by long cable lengths and large numbers of connected devices. Repeaters are incapable of performing complex filtering and other traffic processing. In addition, all electrical signals, including electrical disturbances and other errors, are repeated and amplified. The total number of repeaters and network segments that can be connected is limited due to timing and other issues. Figure illustrates a repeater connecting two network segments. Figure: A Repeater Connects Two Networks Segments

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a physical layer device that connects multiple user stations, each via a dedicated cable. Electrical interconnections are established inside the hub. Hubs are used to create a physical star network while maintaining the logical bus or ring configuration of LAN. In same respects, a hub functions as a multi-port repeater.

A Hub is

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Switches are another fundamental part of many networks because they

speed things up. Switches allow different nodes (a network connection point, typically a computer) of a network to communicate directly with one another in a smooth and efficient manner.

There are many different types of switches and networks. Switches that provide a separate connection for each node in a companys internal network are called LAN switches. Essentially, a LAN switch creates a series of instant networks that contain only the two devices communicating with each other at that particular moment.
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Components of a LAN:
The basic components and Technologies involved in a LAN architecture can include the following:
Components of LAN

Hardware

Software

Cables (WAN) Software

Switches

Router

RAS

Modems

Network Management

As the above shows the components of a LAN are constituted by software and hardware. A Network Management Software is use to manage all the given tasks given to performed. Since we all know that all the external, visible components of the machines are called its hardware. We need to require cables to connect the subbranches of the network. We require switches, router, a Remote Access Servers (RAS) and a modem to accomplish the formation a LAN.

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NETWORKING BASICS
Here are some of the fundamental parts of a network:

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Network: A network is a group of computers connected together in a way that allows information to be exchanged between the computers. Node: A node is anything that is connected to the network. While a node is typically a computer, it can also be something like a printer or CD-ROM tower. Segment: A segment is any portion of a network that is separated, by a switch, bridge or router, from other parts of the network. Backbone: The backbone is the main cabling of a network that all of the segments connect to. Typically, the backbone is capable of carrying more information than the individual segments. For example, each segment may have a transfer rate of 10 Mbps (megabits per second), while the backbone may operate at 100 Mbps. Topology: Topology is the way that each node is physically connected to the network (more on this in the next section). Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network of computers that are in the same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus. If the computers are far apart (such as across town or in different cities), than a Wide Area Network (WAN) is typically used. Network Interface Card (NIC): Every computer (and most other devices) is connected to a network through an NIC. In most desktop computers, this is an Ethernet card (normally 10 or 100 Mbps) that is plugged into a slot on the computers motherboard. Media Access Control (MAC) Address: This is the physical address of any device such as the NIC in a computer on the network. The MAC address, which is made up of two equal parts, is 6 bytes long. The first 3 bytes identify the company that made the NIC. The second 3 bytes are the serial number of the NIC itself.
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OSI REFERENCE MODEL

The Layers:Think of the seven layers as the assembly line in the computer. At each layer, certain things happen to the data prepare it for the next layer. The seven layers, which separate into two sets, are:

Application Set
Layer 7: Application- This is the layer that actually interacts with the operating system or application whenever the user chooses to transfer files, read messages or perform other network-related activities. Layer 6: Presentation- Layer 6 takes the data provided by the Application layer and converts it into a standard format that the other layers can understand. Layer 5: Session- Layer 5 establishes, maintains and ends communication 4/30/2012 58 with the receiving device.

Transport Set
Layer 4: Transport- This layer maintains flow control of data and provides for error checking and recovery of data between the devices. Flow control means that the Transport layer looks to see if data is coming from more than one application and integrates each applications data into a single stream for the physical network. Layer 3: Network- The way that the data will be sent to the recipient device is determined in this layer. Logical protocols, routing and addressing are handled here. Layer 2: Data- In this layer, the appropriate physical protocol is assigned to the data. Also, the type of network and the packet sequencing is defined. Layer 1: Physical- This is level of the actual hardware. It defines the physical characteristics of the network such as connections, voltage levels and timing.

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The OSI Reference Model is really just a guideline. Actual protocol stacks often combine one or ore of the OSI layers into a single layer. 4/30/2012 60

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am highly grateful to all the persons who provide their valuable time, acquaintance and support during my summer training. This period of training has been a great time of learning and observation for me and the below mentioned people were some of the few who played a significant role in making it so. I like to extend a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. ------, SDE BSNL -------, for providing necessary facility and infrastructure for my summer training project. I am grateful for giving me all valuable knowledge about the topic and guiding me in the best possible way during my training period. Finally, I thank all the officers and staff of BSNL -------- who extended their help in completing my training program successfully.

Your name
4th Year, Information Technology Your college name. E-mail i.d. Phone number
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