What is a symbiosis?

When two dissimilar organisms live together and form an intimate and lifesustaining relationship that is mutually beneficial.

How did Cellular Symbiosis happen?

Since: 1) Apparently, the first cells to appear in the fossil record (3.5 billion years ago) were bacteria-like and prokaryotic

Cellular Symbiosis Scientists postulate or hypothesize that:

The origin of complex eukaryotic cells was most likely a type of symbiosis among prokaryotic cells.

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Conglomerate of organisms which do not fit into other 4 Kingdoms

Moneran (bacteria), Animalia, Plantae, Fungi Much more complicated than Monerans They represent the intermediate step in the evolution of the other three kingdoms Protozoan is the Greek word for first animal

Contains about 65,000 species

KINGDOM PROTISTA Made up of a complex eukaryotic cell (unicellular) or cells (multicellular) Eukaryotes have cellular organelles, and prokaryotes (bacteria) do not
Prefix

uni

One (single)

multi More than one (many) Kingdom has organisms that demonstrate both animal and plant-like characteristics Some members make their own food (________) autotrophs
heterotrophs Some ingest food from outside (____________)
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Prefix

All Protozoa can reproduce asexually

One parent for reproduction

Called binary fission During binary fission, one protozoan cell divides into two identical individuals.

Reproduction in protozoa
The commonest form of reproduction is binary fission in which two essentially identical individuals result.
In some ciliates budding occurs in which a smaller progeny cell is budded off which later grows to adult size.

Binary fission in various taxa

Sexual reproduction in protozoa

All protozoa reproduce asexually, but sex is widespread in the protozoa too.
In ciliates such as Paramecium a type of sexual reproduction called conjugation takes place in which two Paramecia join together and exchange genetic material

Figure 11.28

Kingdom Protista

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Animal-like protists

All heterotrophs classified by the 4 ways they move: 1) Cilia - tiny beating hair-like structures
Coordinated movement between individual cilia 2) Flagellum(a) - whip-like tail(s) Back and forth wave motion
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Animal-like protists

classified by the 4 ways they move: 3) Pseudopodia - projection of cytoplasm that sticks out like a foot (false foot)

4) Sessile - No locomotion (_________) 13 movement

Cilia and flagella

No real morphological distinction between the two structures although cilia are usually shorter and more abundant and flagella fewer and longer.
Each flagellum or cilium is composed of 9 pairs of longitudinal microtubules arranged in a circle around a central pair.

Cilia and flagella

The collection of tubules is referred to as the axoneme and it is covered with a membrane continuous with the rest of the organisms cell membrane.
Axoneme anchors where it inserts into the main body of the cell with a basal body.

Figure 11.09a

Protein spok

Dynein moto

1. Amoeba just visible to the naked eye

Animal-like protists - Examples

comes from the Greek word amoibe which means change unicellular moves by pseudopodia which give appearance of cell changing size and shape aquatic - lives in ponds, ditches or slowly moving streams can cause disease amoebic dysentery ingests small organisms like bacteria and 17 other protozoans

1. Amoeba feeding sequence

Animal-like protists - Examples

psuedopodia surround and engulf food particle

process called phagocytosis

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Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium Unicellular, slipper-shaped

move by coordinated beating of many cilia

aquatic - mostly found in ponds and streams usually do not cause diseases in humans
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Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium - continued Feeding occurs in the funnel-shaped gullet (buccal cavity) where food is drawn in by external and internal cilia to form food vacuole

ingests organic detritus and other small organisms like bacteria and other 20 protozoans

Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium - continued Food to waste pathway

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Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium - continued Reproduction

1. Binary fission (________) asexual N = nucleus

F = Fission plane

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Animal-like protists - Examples 2. Paramecium - continued Reproduction

2. Conjugation (________) sexual

Form structure called conjugation tube to exchange genetic material

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Animal-like protists: The Sporozoan

Characteristics of Sporozoans (Animal-like) Sporozoa do not move on their own mostly common in tropical areas protist that reproduce by forming spores they are usually parasitic sporozoans named Plasmodium causes malaria its caused by female mosquitos humans get malaria when bitten by an infected mosquito
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Have chlorophyll Make their own food They can live in 4 main environments: soil freshwater tree bark salt water they produce large amounts of oxygen which are used by other living organisms they are grouped according to color & stucture into 5 main groups: 2) diatoms 3) dinoflagelletes 1) euglena

4) red dinoflagellates

5) algae

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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd they are grouped according to color & stucture A) Euglena D) Red Dinoflagellates

B) Diatom
E) Green Algae

C) Dinoflagellates

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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

A) Euglenaone celled alga that moves with one flagellum lives in fresh water

reproduces asexually
red eyespot near front end to find lightWhy? have chlorophyll and can make their own food ( autotroph)
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

A) Euglena Continued-

contains disk-shaped chloroplasts

organelle is the site of photosynthesis and gets its name from the presence of the green pigments (the chlorophylls) 29

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd B) Diatom beautiful one celled protists come in many shapes EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles important food source for water dwelling animals cell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts Think of a box with a lid

made of the same material as glass cell coverings do not decay (when dead) used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters 30

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

C) Dinoflagellates
Algae that is usually found in oceans

Usually brown or red in color

Have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments

Move by two flagella

Read & Highlight hand-out on Dinoflagellates
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

produce large numbers which turns the ocean red

responsible for red tides produce chemicals that kill thousands of fish humans can become ill if they eat shell fish that have absorbed these chemicals
common off the coast of Florida or other warmer areas
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 Red Tide

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 Red Tide Kills Fish

Absorbed red dinoflagellates After encountering and absorbing a red tide..a stingray becomes disoriented. They have the appearance of not being able to see or control what they are doing. Eventually the ray will stay at the surface lying horizontally and die. 34

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd E) Green Algae Come in many different forms can be unicellular or multicellular

serve as food for fish, snails, and crayfish usually found in colonies Colony a group of cells that live together
chlorella

they produce O2 in H2O

spirogyra

desmids

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EX: volvox colony Arranged in a single layer with flagella facing outward The flagella beat and the colony spins through the water EX: Kelp (brown algae) aka.sea weed used by humans for food also used to thicken food 36 such as ice cream and jelly

Algae Examples

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST Slime Molds: fungus-like protists that are consumers live in cool, damp places EX: forest floor feed on bacteria growing on rotting logs and decaying leaves some are parasites (very few)

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Flagella, intelligent design and irreducible complexity

The U.S. Supreme Court has prohibited the teaching of creationism in public schools as a violation of the establishment of religion clause of the constitution.
Latest attempt to insert creationism into schools is the idea of Intelligent Design.

Flagella, intelligent design and irreducible complexity

The concept of intelligent design is outlined most clearly in Michael Behes book Darwins Black Box.
The central idea in intelligent design is that some structures in the body are so complex that they could not possibly have evolved by a gradual process of natural selection. These structures are said to irreducibly complex.

Flagella, intelligent design and irreducible complexity

By irreducibly complex Behe means that a complex structure cannot be broken down into components that are themselves functional and that the structure must have come into existence in its complete form.

Flagella, intelligent design and irreducible complexity

If structures are irreducibly complex Behe claims that they cannot have evolved. Thus, their existence implies they must have been created by a designer (i.e. God, although the designer is not explicitly referred to as such).

Directions: Write out & highlight the following questions 1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?

2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.

3) List the 3 structures protozoan use for locomotion. 4) List 5 plant-like protists? 5) Why are algae important? 6) Explain why red tides occur and what causes them.
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