Applets

Applets and Graphics
Applet
 Graphical Java programs

 An application designed to be transmitted over the
Internet.
 Run inside web browser or Applet Viewer
 Platform-neutral
Web Browsers Accessing a Web
Page
User enters URL for a web site ………

…..
HTML file sent back from web server ………..
Applet byte code file sent down from server and interpreted by browser ..
Applet Basics
 All applets are subclasses of Applet.
 Execution of an applet does not begin at main().
 An applet is accessed by an HTML file.
 HTML is a ‘mark-up’ language (it adds to text content by

marking it up with tags)
 Browsers display the text and process (render) the tags

HTML Tag
<HTML>
<u> here comes an applet </u>
<applet code= “file.class” width =500 height=500>
</applet>
</HTML>
When a browser renders this HTML file, it will display underlined text
and the applet whose byte code is in the file “file.class”
OR
Include an applet tag:

/*<applet code=“file"
width="640" height="480">
</applet>*/
The Applet Class
 The Java class Applet contains all the behaviors (methods),
which an applet container (browser) expects to see. (eg.
init, start, paint, stop)
 When creating an applet class, your class extends the

Applet class, and inherits these behaviors.
 Your class can then override any of the behaviors it wishes

to replace
 java.lang.Object
 |
 +----java.awt.Component
 |
 +----java.awt.Container
 |
 +----java.awt.Panel
 |
 +----java.applet.Applet
Applets
 Methods defined in the class Applet:
 init(): Applet is being loaded by browser.
Used for one-time initialization.

 start(): Browser entered page containing applet
 stop(): Browser leaves page containing applet
 destroy(): Applet is discarded by browser.
 paint() is used for drawing on applets. It is a method in

the class Component.
Inheriting from above classes
 Some methods in Component: add(), remove() and

setLayout(): controls the positions & sizes of
components.
 Applets inherit the drawing and event handling
methods from AWT Component class to produce
user interfaces.
 Drawing: images, control of color and font. UI
components: buttons, etc..
 Event handling: detecting & responding to mouse
dragging, button pushing, key pressing,..
Component, Container, and
Panel
 From AWT Container, applets get methods to hold
components & use layout managers.
 Panels and applets can only be displayed on other
graphical surfaces.
 A panel must be added to another container in order to
be displayed.
 A component is added to a container by using add() from
the Container class.
Creating an Applet
 Your Java source file contains code which
implements your applet
 Compile the source file to produce class file
 Make an HTML file with the applet tag that
references that class file
 Use browser to execute that HTML file OR run
appletviewer utility.
An Applet
public class MyApplet extends Applet
{
// called by browser whenever applet needs
redrawing
public void paint(Graphics g){
// code which draws applet
}
}
What’s in the Graphics class??

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/index.html
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawRect(50,50,100,100);
//draw rectangle
g.fillRect(200,200,300,300);
//draw filled in
rectangle of default color
}
}
{
{
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D)g;
// use more sophisticated Java
graphics class
//need for 2D objects. . .
}
}
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
/*<applet code=“MyApplet "
width="640" height="480">
</applet>*/

{
{
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D)g;
// use newest Java graphics class
. . .
}
} and Graphics classes must be imported for
Applet use ….
let’s see what methods Graphics2D has to offer…
go to http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/index.html
and look at API specification for version 4.2 or above.
Note that Graphics2D extends from Graphics

public void draw (Shape s)
When we looked at the specification for Graphics2D class, we

saw that the draw method took a Shape parameter ..
what is that?
let’s look at the specifications for Shape……

(http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/index.html )
Graphical Shapes
Shape is an interface. It just provides method signatures. Any
class which declares that it implements Shape is of type
Shape.
import java.awt.Rectangle;
public void paint (Graphics g){
Graphics2D g2= (Graphics2D) g;
// create the object
Rectangle myRec = new Rectangle(50,50,100,300);
// now draw it must create a Shape object in
order to draw it
g2.draw(myRec);
}
Some Java 2D Shape classes
The java.awt.geom package offers other classes which implement Shape.
These shapes can be created with dimensions which are non-integral.
Rectangle2D.Double Ellipse2D.Double
Line2D.Double Point2D.Double
These classes are inner classes, that is why the ‘.’ appears in the class
name.
To use these classes you must import them. To import these classes, you
import only the outer class:
import java.awt.geom.Ellipse2D; // no .Double
The Line2D class
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/index.html
To use this class you must import it.:

import java.awt.geom.Line2D;
Specifying a Line
Create a line object:

Line2D.Double myline = Line2D.Double(2.0,5.0,10.0,5.0);
To change the line position :
myline.setLine( double X1, double Y1, double X1, double Y2);
//draw a square w/ side length 100
… in paint method
double xpos = 200;
double ypos = 200; // upper left corner
int len = 100;
Line2D.Double myLine;
myLine = new Line2D.Double(xpos, ypos, xpos+len,
ypos);
g2obj.draw(myLine);
myLine.setLine(xpos+len, ypos, xpos+len, ypos + len);

g2obj.draw(myLine);
myLine.setLine(xpos+len, ypos+len, xpos, ypos + len);
g2obj.draw(myLine);
myLine.setLine(xpos, ypos+ len, xpos, ypos);
g2obj.draw(myLine);
 the square we drew can be ‘redrawn’ by changing the value of xpos
and ypos
 the square we drew can easily ‘change dimension’ by changing ONLY
the value of len
 the square can be repositioned by changing the start point only.
The Graphics class provides:
setColor(Color c)
setFont (Font font)
Can a Graphics2D class use these methods??
Why or why not??

You can also create your own color objects:
Color ( int red, int green, int blue)

parameter values between 0 and 255
Color ( int red, int green, int blue , int alpha )
4th parameter transparency measure
0 - transparent
255 - opaque
also exist with float parameters…….

Color ( float red, float green, float blue)
Color ( float red, float green, float blue , float alpha )
parameter values between 0.0 and 1.0
Text and Fonts
 g2.drawString("Applet", 50, 100);
 A font object has a:
face name (Serif, SansSerif, Monospaced, ...)

style (Font.PLAIN, Font.BOLD, Font.ITALIC)
point size (12 point = normal size)
 g2.setFont(new Font("Serif", Font.BOLD, 36));
References
 Java Complete Reference

 Java docs

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Applets and Graphics

 Graphical Java programs

User enters URL for a web site ………

 Execution of an applet does not begin at main().

 An applet is accessed by an HTML file.

 HTML is a ‘mark-up’ language (it adds to text content by

 Browsers display the text and process (render) the tags

Include an applet tag:

 When creating an applet class, your class extends the

 Your class can then override any of the behaviors it wishes

Used for one-time initialization.

 stop(): Browser leaves page containing applet

 destroy(): Applet is discarded by browser.

 paint() is used for drawing on applets. It is a method in

 Some methods in Component: add(), remove() and

// code which draws applet

What’s in the Graphics class??

public class MyApplet extends Applet

Note that Graphics2D extends from Graphics

When we looked at the specification for Graphics2D class, we

let’s look at the specifications for Shape……

To use this class you must import it.:

Create a line object:

myLine.setLine(xpos+len, ypos, xpos+len, ypos + len);

setFont (Font font)

Can a Graphics2D class use these methods??

Why or why not??

Color ( int red, int green, int blue)

also exist with float parameters…….

 g2.drawString("Applet", 50, 100);

 A font object has a:

face name (Serif, SansSerif, Monospaced, ...)

 Java Complete Reference

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