Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BY JOSEPH R MUKABANA, PhD Kenya Meteorological Services P.O. Box 30259, Nairobi, KENYA Tel: 254-2-567880 Fax: 254-2-576955 E-mail: mukabana@meteo.go.ke
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INTRODUCTION:
Economic activities in coastal ocean environment account for substantial proportions of the gross domestic products of many maritime countries. This is due to growing reliance on:
Coastal and Marine living resources; Coastal and Marine non-living resources; Shipping and Trade and; Coastal Tourism.
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INTRODUCTION Cont
To effectively improve and sustain development and to mitigate or reverse the undesirable trends or effects of the natural disasters in coastal areas, we need to:
Define disasters; Critically examine natural disasters associated with coastal areas; and Analyze the causes of these disasters and associated impacts.
Natural Disasters
Definition and General Consideration :
A Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, property or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own resources.
1) Geological
Both these two processes can cause landslides, snow avalanches, river flooding, soil erosion, mudslides (collapsing soils) water and soil pollution, coastal flooding, ocean processes like storm surges, tsunamis, etc.
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These are in the form of disease epidemics and epizootics like malaria, proliferation of pests and parasites and invasion of areas by insects.
3) Meteorological
These result from extreme climate events e.g. floods, lightning strikes and resulting fires, droughts, thunderstorms, tropical cyclones, tornados, waterspouts, hailstorms, sandstorms, frost, etc At times the disasters are as a result of a combination of two or all three of these processes.
A Storm Surge is an abnormal rise of sea level caused by a cyclone moving over a continental shelf
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Flooding of LowFlooding of LowLying Coastal Areas Lying Coastal Areas Effect of local Tides Loss of Soil Fertility from Saline Intrusion
Erosion of Beaches Effect of local Coastal Configuration Damage to onshore & offshore installations Damage to Shipping & Fishing Facilities Low Atmospheric Pressure in the Centre
Wind
Urban Bushfire Damage to Damage to structures & structures & Continent Continent Loss of Communications & Power
Rain
Flooding
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1822 - 1991
Bangladesh
930,000
1737 - 1999
India
740,000
1923 - 1960
Japan
255,000
1900
USA
6,000
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Tsunamis
A series of traveling ocean waves of extremely long length generated primarily by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, outer-space meteorite splash or landslides occurring below or near the ocean floor. Tsunamis are a threat to life and property for all coastal residents living near the ocean. Although 80% of the tsunamis occur in the Pacific, they can also threaten coastlines of countries in other regions, including the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean region, and even the Atlantic Ocean.
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1, 1946 People flee as a tsunami attacks downtown Hilo, Hawaii (Bishop 18 Museum Archives)
Floods
Floods are mainly triggered by severe thunderstorms, cyclones, the El-Nino related phenomenon or monsoons. In low-lying coastal areas, storm surges, tsunamis or rivers swollen by exceptionally high tides can cause flooding. Floods can threaten human life and property.
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Floods
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Landslides
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The warnings need to be: Very Accurate to invite confidence to the targeted community; Timely to allow a high degree of preparedness; and Mechanisms need to be in place to facilitate immediate and effective response. 29
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Natural Disaster Preparedness and Adaptation for Coastal Areas (cont...) In the case of Tsunamis, Cyclones, Storm Surges and Floods these initiatives should include: Protection of life and property including buildings through construction of seawalls, barrages, dykes, coastal embankments and dams.
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Natural Disaster Preparedness and Adaptation for Coastal Areas (cont...) In the case of Landslides Initiatives should be directed towards;
Construction of hydraulic structures to control the flows; Construction of channels or deflection walls to direct flow around buildings; Planting of ground cover on slopes; and Building retaining walls in mudflow areas Construction of sediment control dams; and Afforestation.
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Introduction of water conservation programmes; Irrigation as a tool to reduce adverse impacts of droughts; Water recycling in cities; Encouragement of the use of statistical techniques of data, particularly rainfall, to find systematic patterns like trends, persistence or cycles.
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Mitigation Strategies
Disaster preparedness will have to include the following:
Evacuation measures; Provision of medical aid; Prompt disposal of dead bodies and animal carcasses; Preventive means against epidemics; Supply of food and safe drinking water. 37
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