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Empirical Formulas
Timberlake LecturePLUS
Types of Formulas
The formulas for compounds can be expressed as an empirical formula and as a molecular(true) formula. Empirical
CH
Molecular (true)
C 2H 2
Name
acetylene
CH
CO2 CH2O
C 6H 6
CO2 C5H10O5
Timberlake LecturePLUS
benzene
carbon dioxide ribose
2
Empirical Formulas
Write your own one-sentence definition for each of the following: Empirical formula
Molecular formula
Timberlake LecturePLUS
An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a compound.
The molecular formula is the true or actual ratio of the atoms in a compound.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 4
3) CH 3) C8H14 3) C3H6O3
5
Solution EF-1
A. What is the empirical formula for C4H8?
2) CH2
B. What is the empirical formula for C8H14?
1) C4H7
C. What is a molecular formula for CH2O?
1) CH2O
2) C2H4O2
Timberlake LecturePLUS
3) C3H6O3
6
1) SN
2) SN4 3) S4N4
Timberlake LecturePLUS
Solution EF-2
If the molecular formula has 4 atoms of N, what is the molecular formula if SN is the empirical formula? Explain. 3) S4N4
If the actual formula has 4 atoms of N, and S is related 1:1, then there must also be 4 atoms of S.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 8
n = 1 molar mass = empirical mass molecular formula = empirical formula n = 2 molar mass = 2 x empirical mass molecular formula = 2 x empirical formula molecular formula = or > empirical formula9 Timberlake LecturePLUS
Empirical Formula
Molecular Formula
Empirical Mass
Molecular Mass
Timberlake LecturePLUS
10
1) C3H4O3
2) C6H8O6
3) C9H12O9
Timberlake LecturePLUS 11
Solution EF-3
A compound has a formula mass of 176.0 and an empirical formula of C3H4O3. What is the molecular formula?
2) C6H8O6 C3H4O3 = 88.0 g/EF 176.0 g 88.0
Timberlake LecturePLUS 12
2.00
2) C14H12O8
3) C21H18O12
Timberlake LecturePLUS 13
Solution EF-4
If there are 192.0 g of O in the molecular formula, what is the true formula if the EF is C7H6O4?
3) C21H18O12
192 g O
= 3 x O4 or 3 x C7H6O4
Timberlake LecturePLUS 14
64.0 g O in EF
2. Calculate the number of moles of each element. 71.65 g Cl x 1 mol Cl = 2.02 mol Cl 35.5 g Cl
24.27 g C x 1 mol C 12.0 g C = 2.02 mol C
4.07 g H x
1 mol H 1.01 g H
4.04 mol H
Timberlake LecturePLUS
16
Why moles?
Why do you need the number of moles of each element in the compound?
Timberlake LecturePLUS
17
3. Find the smallest whole number ratio by dividing each mole value by the smallest mole values: Cl: 2.02 = 1 Cl 2.02 C:
H:
2.02 2.02
1C
4.04 = 2H 2.02 4. Write the simplest or empirical formula CH2Cl Timberlake LecturePLUS 18
5. EM (empirical mass) = 1(C) + 2(H) + 1(Cl) = 49.5 6. n = molar mass/empirical mass Molar mass EM = 99.0 g/mol 49.5 g/EM = n=2
7.Molecular formula
(CH2Cl)2 = C2H4Cl2
19
Timberlake LecturePLUS
Timberlake LecturePLUS
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Solution EF-5
60.0 g C x ___________= ______ mol C
4.5 g H
x ___________ = _______mol H
Solution EF-5
60.0 g C x 1 mol C
12.0 g C
5.00 mol C
4.5 g H
1 mol H
1.01 g H
4.5 mol H
35.5 g O x
1mol O
16.0 g O
2.22 mol O
22
Timberlake LecturePLUS
Divide by the smallest # of moles. 5.00 mol C = ________________ ______ mol O 4.5 mol H = ______ mol O ________________
2.22 mol O = ________________ ______ mol O Are are the results whole numbers?_____
Timberlake LecturePLUS 23
Divide by the smallest # of moles. 5.00 mol C = ___2.25__ 2.22 mol O 4.5 mol H 2.22 mol O = ___2.00__
2.22 mol O = ___1.00__ 2.22 mol O Are are the results whole numbers?_____
Timberlake LecturePLUS 24
Finding Subscripts
A fraction between 0.1 and 0.9 must not
be rounded. Multiply all results by an integer to give whole numbers for subscripts.
(1/2) (1/3) (1/4) (3/4) 0.5 0.333 0.25 0.75 x2 x3 x4 x4 = = = = 1 1 1 3
25
Timberlake LecturePLUS
Multiply everything x 4 C: 2.25 mol C H: 2.0 mol H O: 1.00 mol O x 4 = 9 mol C x 4 = 8 mol H x 4 = 4 mol O
Use the whole numbers of mols as the subscripts in the simplest formula
C9H8O4
Timberlake LecturePLUS 26
Timberlake LecturePLUS
27
Solution EF 6
0.853 mol S /0.853 = 1 S 0.857 mol N /0.853 = 1 N 1.71 mol Cl /0.853 = 2 Cl Empirical formula = SNCl2 = 117.1 g/EF Mol. Mass/ Empirical mass
Molecular formula = S3N3Cl6
Timberlake LecturePLUS 28
351/117.1 = 3