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Chapter 9

Empirical Formulas

Timberlake LecturePLUS

Types of Formulas
The formulas for compounds can be expressed as an empirical formula and as a molecular(true) formula. Empirical
CH

Molecular (true)
C 2H 2

Name
acetylene

CH
CO2 CH2O

C 6H 6
CO2 C5H10O5
Timberlake LecturePLUS

benzene
carbon dioxide ribose
2

Empirical Formulas
Write your own one-sentence definition for each of the following: Empirical formula

Molecular formula

Timberlake LecturePLUS

An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a compound.
The molecular formula is the true or actual ratio of the atoms in a compound.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 4

Learning Check EF-1


A. What is the empirical formula for C4H8?

1) C2H4 1) C4H7 1) CH2O

2) CH2 2) C6H12 2) C2H4O2


Timberlake LecturePLUS

3) CH 3) C8H14 3) C3H6O3
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B. What is the empirical formula for C8H14?


C. What is a molecular formula for CH2O?

Solution EF-1
A. What is the empirical formula for C4H8?

2) CH2
B. What is the empirical formula for C8H14?

1) C4H7
C. What is a molecular formula for CH2O?

1) CH2O

2) C2H4O2
Timberlake LecturePLUS

3) C3H6O3
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Learning Check EF-2


If the molecular formula has 4 atoms of N, what is the molecular formula if SN is the empirical formula? Explain.

1) SN
2) SN4 3) S4N4

Timberlake LecturePLUS

Solution EF-2
If the molecular formula has 4 atoms of N, what is the molecular formula if SN is the empirical formula? Explain. 3) S4N4

If the actual formula has 4 atoms of N, and S is related 1:1, then there must also be 4 atoms of S.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 8

Empirical and Molecular Formulas


molar mass = simplest mass a whole number = n

n = 1 molar mass = empirical mass molecular formula = empirical formula n = 2 molar mass = 2 x empirical mass molecular formula = 2 x empirical formula molecular formula = or > empirical formula9 Timberlake LecturePLUS

Empirical Formula

Molecular Formula

Empirical Mass

Molecular Mass

Timberlake LecturePLUS

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Learning Check EF-3


A compound has a formula mass of 176.0 and an empirical formula of C3H4O3. What is the molecular formula?

1) C3H4O3

2) C6H8O6
3) C9H12O9
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Solution EF-3
A compound has a formula mass of 176.0 and an empirical formula of C3H4O3. What is the molecular formula?
2) C6H8O6 C3H4O3 = 88.0 g/EF 176.0 g 88.0
Timberlake LecturePLUS 12

2.00

Learning Check EF-4


If there are 192.0 g of O in the molecular formula, what is the true formula if the EF is C7H6O4?
1) C7H6O4

2) C14H12O8
3) C21H18O12
Timberlake LecturePLUS 13

Solution EF-4
If there are 192.0 g of O in the molecular formula, what is the true formula if the EF is C7H6O4?
3) C21H18O12

192 g O

= 3 x O4 or 3 x C7H6O4
Timberlake LecturePLUS 14

64.0 g O in EF

Finding the Molecular Formula


A compound is Cl 71.65%, C 24.27%, and H 4.07%. What are the empirical and molecular formulas? The molar mass is known to be 99.0 g/mol.
1. State mass percents as grams in a 100.00-g sample of the compound. Cl 71.65 g C 24.27 g H 4.07 g
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2. Calculate the number of moles of each element. 71.65 g Cl x 1 mol Cl = 2.02 mol Cl 35.5 g Cl
24.27 g C x 1 mol C 12.0 g C = 2.02 mol C

4.07 g H x

1 mol H 1.01 g H

4.04 mol H

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Why moles?
Why do you need the number of moles of each element in the compound?

Timberlake LecturePLUS

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3. Find the smallest whole number ratio by dividing each mole value by the smallest mole values: Cl: 2.02 = 1 Cl 2.02 C:
H:

2.02 2.02

1C

4.04 = 2H 2.02 4. Write the simplest or empirical formula CH2Cl Timberlake LecturePLUS 18

5. EM (empirical mass) = 1(C) + 2(H) + 1(Cl) = 49.5 6. n = molar mass/empirical mass Molar mass EM = 99.0 g/mol 49.5 g/EM = n=2

7.Molecular formula
(CH2Cl)2 = C2H4Cl2
19

Timberlake LecturePLUS

Learning Check EF-5


Aspirin is 60.0% C, 4.5 % H and 35.5 O. Calculate its simplest formula. In 100 g of aspirin, there are 60.0 g C, 4.5 g H, and 35.5 g O.

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Solution EF-5
60.0 g C x ___________= ______ mol C

4.5 g H

x ___________ = _______mol H

35.5 g O x ___________ = _______mol O


Timberlake LecturePLUS 21

Solution EF-5
60.0 g C x 1 mol C
12.0 g C

5.00 mol C

4.5 g H

1 mol H
1.01 g H

4.5 mol H

35.5 g O x

1mol O
16.0 g O

2.22 mol O
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Timberlake LecturePLUS

Divide by the smallest # of moles. 5.00 mol C = ________________ ______ mol O 4.5 mol H = ______ mol O ________________

2.22 mol O = ________________ ______ mol O Are are the results whole numbers?_____
Timberlake LecturePLUS 23

Divide by the smallest # of moles. 5.00 mol C = ___2.25__ 2.22 mol O 4.5 mol H 2.22 mol O = ___2.00__

2.22 mol O = ___1.00__ 2.22 mol O Are are the results whole numbers?_____
Timberlake LecturePLUS 24

Finding Subscripts
A fraction between 0.1 and 0.9 must not

be rounded. Multiply all results by an integer to give whole numbers for subscripts.
(1/2) (1/3) (1/4) (3/4) 0.5 0.333 0.25 0.75 x2 x3 x4 x4 = = = = 1 1 1 3
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Timberlake LecturePLUS

Multiply everything x 4 C: 2.25 mol C H: 2.0 mol H O: 1.00 mol O x 4 = 9 mol C x 4 = 8 mol H x 4 = 4 mol O

Use the whole numbers of mols as the subscripts in the simplest formula

C9H8O4
Timberlake LecturePLUS 26

Learning Check EF-6


A compound is 27.4% S, 12.0% N and 60.6 % Cl. If the compound has a molar mass of 351 g/mol, what is the molecular formula?

Timberlake LecturePLUS

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Solution EF 6
0.853 mol S /0.853 = 1 S 0.857 mol N /0.853 = 1 N 1.71 mol Cl /0.853 = 2 Cl Empirical formula = SNCl2 = 117.1 g/EF Mol. Mass/ Empirical mass
Molecular formula = S3N3Cl6
Timberlake LecturePLUS 28

351/117.1 = 3

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