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Basics
McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Functions of Operating Systems
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File Management
• Device Management
• Security Management
• User Interface
4A-2
Process Management
• Process – an execution of a program by
the CPU
• A process can create multiple process
• Idea is to utilize the resources in proper
and efficient manner
Memory Management
• Responsible for allocating primary
memory to processes
• The major tasks involved are
– Relocation
– Protection and Sharing
File Management
• Contains a hierarchical structure of data
• Assist the user to create, modify, and
remove files and folders
• Provides security
• Assigns read and write permissions
• Help the user to organize the files and
folders in logical manner
Organizing Files and Folders
• Organized storage
• Long file names
• Folders can be created and nested
• All storage devices work consistently
Device Management
• Managing various devices connected to
the computer.
• OS communicates with the hardware
with standard software provided by the
hardware vendor called device drivers.
• Works as a translator between hardware
and application programs
Managing Hardware
• Programs need to access hardware
• Interrupts
– CPU is stopped
– Hardware device is accessed
• Device drivers control the hardware
Security Management
• User Authentication
• Backup of data
User Interface
Hardware Requirements
Component Minimum Recommended
CPU I GHz 32- or 64-bit Pentium 4 Dual Core
BIOS ACPI Compatible
RAM 512 MB 2 GB
HDD 8 GB 10 GB
Video Adapter 64 MB non-shared 64 MB non-shared
memory memory - WVDDM
Compatible
Additional Drives DVD
Database Management
Systems
McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Database Management Systems
• Defined as a collection of interrelated
data and a set of programs to access
that data.
• Store large collections of data
• Organize the data
• Becomes a data storage system
The Database
• Stores a collection of related items
• Collection is arranged in a structure
– Organizes and describes the data
• Often includes helper documents
The DBMS
• Programs that control the database
• Allows
– Entering data
– Querying data
– Printing reports
• Supports thousands of users
• Includes tools to protect the data
Benefits of DBMS
• Reduction in Data Redundancy
• Reduction in Inconsistency
• Sharing of Data
• Enforcement of Standards
• Improvement in Data Security
• Maintenance of Data Integrity
• Better Interaction with Users
Database Structure
Field Name
Field
Record
The Database
• Fields
– Hold an individual piece of data
– Are named descriptively
– Often called a column
– Phone book examples
• Name, address, e-mail, phone number
– Fields may contain no data
The Database
• Records
– One full set of fields
– Often called a row
– Phone book example
• Smith, Joe, 123 Some Street, 412-555-7777
– Databases may have unlimited rows
The Database
• Tables
– One complete collection of records
– Databases may have thousands of tables
Database Helper Documents
• Forms
– Present one record to the user
– Often used to change or view data
Database Helper Documents
• Reports
– Produce printed results from the database
– Includes tools to summarize data
Key Fields
• Primary Key
– Field which uniquely identifies the record
– Example- employee code
Foreign Key
combination one or more column in a table
that references a primary key in another
table.
For example item code in ITEM table
references the item code in PURCHASE
table.
Basic relationships
•One-to-One HUSBAND
is married to
WIFE
is married to
has
•One-to-many TRACK
belongs to
PARTICIPANTS
holds
•Many to many Trainer is helds in Track
Database Model
• Consists of rules and standards that
define how data is organized in a
database.
– Hierarchical Database Model
– Network Database Model
– Relational Model
– Object Oriented Model
Hierarchical Model
• A hierarchical database consists of a
collection of records which are connected to
one another through links.
• a record is a collection of fields, each of which
contains only one data value.
• A link is an association between precisely two
records.
• The hierarchical model differs from the
network model in that the records are
organized as collections of trees rather than
as arbitrary graphs.
General Structure
Figure
1.10
Relational Database Model
• xBase
Use tblPhoneNumbers
List FirstName, LastName, Phone
For LastName=“Norton”
Working with a Database
• Generating reports
– Printed information extracted from
a database
– Can calculate data
• Calculate data per row
• Calculate for entire table
– Pictures and formatting can be included
Survey of Database
Systems
McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Enterprise Software
• Enterprise definitions
– Systems throughout the entire organization
– Very large scale computer systems
– Historically found on mainframes
– Modern enterprise runs on PC servers
Enterprise Software
• Suite of programs
• Handles thousands of users at once
• Access to millions of records
• Looks and acts like a DBMS
Distributed applications