Punctuation.

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Prepared By:V. Eugin Dulles Leen
KENDRIYA VIDYALA, DHARWAD

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Punctuation marks

! : ;

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Punctuation.
Punctuation

is derived from Latin word PUNCTUM,A POINT. It means right use of putting in points or stops is writing.
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KV DHARWA D

Punctuation are classified as:

Full stop Comma. Semi-colon. Colon. Question mark. Exclamation mark. Rules for Punctuation.

Parentheses/brackets. Quotation marks. Apostrophe. Hyphen. Dots/ellipsis. Slash/oblique. Square brackets. Italics. Dash. KV
DHARWAD

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Apostrophe : With

s to indicate that a thing or person belongs to somebody:

Ex:- my friends father.

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In

short forms, to indicate that letters or figures have been omitted: Ex:- I m (I am). with s to form the plural of a letter, a figure or an abbreviation:
Sometimes,

Ex:- during 1990 s.

Quotation Marks

Why on earth did you do that ? he asked. Ill fetch it, she replied.
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Brackets/ Parentheses
To

separate extra information or a comment from the rest of a sentence. Ex:- Mount Robson (12972 feet) is the highest mountain in the Canadian Rockies.

()

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To enclose cross-references:
Ex: this moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeares later works. (see Chapter Eight).

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Around numbers or letters in text: Ex: My aims are (1) to become a Pilot. (2) to become an Advocate.(3) to be an Veterinary.

To draw attention to a word that is unusual for the context,

Ex:- He told me in no uncertain terms to get lost.

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Around the titles of articles, books, poems, plays, etc:

Ex:- I was watching cricket match.

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In American English, double quotation marks are used: Ex:- Help! Im drowning!:

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Around

short quotations or sayings:

Ex:- Do you know the origin of saying: A little learning is a dangerous thing?

Full stop/period It

represents greatest pause and separation . It is used to mark end of a declarative or an imperative sentence.

Example.

I like ice cream .

Full stop can be used in abbreviations , but they are often omitted in modern style.
Example : M.A.or MA , U.N.O. or UNO.

Ramesh works in UNO. Rahul is a MA graduate.

Colon
Colon

marks a still more complete pause than that by a semi-colon.

It is used,
To

introduced a quotation.

Ex:- Sohan says :- Reading makes a full man, writing an exact man, speaking a ready man.
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Before enumeration, like- examples,etc.

Ex:- The principal parts of a verb in English

are:- present tense, past tense, past participle.
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Between sentences grammatically independent but closely connected in sense;

Ex:- Study to acquire a habit of thinking: no

study is important.

comma :

It represents shortest pause , and is used :-

To separate a series of words in same construction. Example: England , France and Germany formed an alliance.
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To separate each pair of words connected by andExample : High and low , rich and poor , wise and foolish.
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To mark off a noun or phrase in apposition.

Example: Milton , the great English poet , was blind.
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To mark off words used for addressing people :

Example: Hello , Raj.

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To indicate omission of a word , especially a verb.

Example: He will succeed ; you , never .

Semi colon

It represents a pause of greater importance than that shown by comma .

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To separate clauses of compound sentence , when they contain a comma .

Example:

He was a brave , large hearted man ; and we all honored him.

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To separate a series of loosely related clauses .

Example:

God gave her peace ; her land reposed.

Dash :

In information English, instead of a colon or semi-colon, to indicate that what follows is a summary or conclusion of what has gone before:

Ex:- Men were shouting, women were

screaming, children were crying- it was chaos.

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Singly or in pairs to separate a comment or an afterthought from the rest of the sentence:

Ex:- He knew nothing at all about it- or so

he said.

Question Mark
It is used, instead of Full stop, after a direct question: Ex:- Raj, Where is your house ?. But Question Mark is not used after an indirect question. Ex:- He asked me , where is my house.

Exclamation Mark

It is used after interjections & after phrases & sentences expressing sudden emotion or wish: Ex:- Alas! Oh dear!

NOTE:- When interjection O is placed before Nominative of Address, Exclamation mark, if employed at all, comes after noun; or it may be placed at end of sentence: Ex:- O honey!

Hyphen

To form a compound from two or more other words: Ex:- hard- hearted. To form a compound from a prefix & a proper name: Ex:- pro-European. When writing compound numbers between 21& 99: Ex:- thirty-one.
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Sometimes, in British English, to separate a prefix ending in a vowel from a word beginning with the same vowel: Ex;- co-operate.
After the first section of a word that is divided between one line & the next: Ex:- decide what to do in order to avoid mis-takes of this kind in the future.

Dots :

To indicate that words have been omitted, especially from quotation or at the end of a conversation:

Ex: challenging the view that Britain had not changed all that fundamentally.

Slash/Oblique

To separate alternative words or phrases: Ex:- have a pudding & / or cheese single/ married/ windowed/ divorced.

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In internet & e-mail addresses to separate the different elements:

Ex:- http:\\www.oup.co.uk\elt\

Square brackets:

[ ]

Around words inserted to make a quotation grammatically correct:

Ex:- Britain in [these] years was without

Italics:Used in handwritten or typed text. To show emphasis: Ex:- Im not going to do it you are. For foreign words or phrases: Ex:- The English oak (Quercus robur)

Rules for Punctuation.

Capital letters:- It is used; a)For beginning first word of every new sentences. Ex:- My name is Sanjeev. b)All proper names. Ex:- Sanjeev, Rajeev. c)First word in salutation of a letter. Ex:- Dear Mohan. d)A quotation. Ex:- He said,I like coffee.
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Full Stops:

Full stops are used at end of sentence/statements.

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Question Mark:

Question mark comes at end of question. Ex:- Who are you?.

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Exclamation Mark:

Exclamation marks are used at end of statements. Ex:- Help.

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Commas:

Commas are used between words,dates,or phrases that form single similar units. Ex:- You could, you can, & you will,do it!

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Quotation Marks:Quotation marks are used to quote actual words of a speaker. Ex:- Ravi said,I will own one Mercedes. Quotation marks always come after comma that separates question from what has gone before, and after full stop, exclamation-mark/ questionmark that ends the quote.

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Apostrophe:It is used when two words are joined to make a shorthand form of words and in doing this some letters are omitted. Ex:- cant for cannot.

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Hyphen:It joins together two or more words. Ex:-Twenty-six, mother-in-law,wildgoose To form a single compound word or expression.