Mobile Communication

Difficulties with old system

• Every state had a different standard for cell
phones
• Changing through was not possible
• Phone in one state was not supported in the
other
• This led to slow growth in technology
Cellular Structure
• A cell is a small area
having its own trans-
receiver
• The size of cell
depends on number
of users.
…Cellular Structure
• Handoff : changing the
cells in use

• Keeps the phone in

range continuously
 Disadvantages of Cellular Networks
• Need for more infrastructure
• Need for fixed network to connect Base
Stations
• Some residual interference from co-channel
cells
• Handover procedure required
GSM
• Global System for
Mobile
communications
• Group formed for
standardization of
technology
Call Pathway
Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks

PSTN
MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR
BTS
ME
SIM
PLMN

EIR HLR AUC

Internet

+
SD

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

Mobile phone -> BTS -> BSC -> MSC -> PSTN / MSC
MSC / PSTN -> MSC -> BSC -> BTS -> Mobile phone
Mobile Station (MS)

• Mobile Equipment
– Fixed
– Portable
• International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
number
• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Personal Identification Number (PIN)
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
number
• Enables access to subscribed services
• Smart card
What is SIM card?
• Subscriber Identity
Module
• Works as a user ID
• It is the KEY for
entering mobile
network
• It is the removable
part of the phones
Call Pathway
Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks

PSTN
MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR
BTS
ME
SIM
PLMN

EIR HLR AUC

Internet

+
SD

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

Mobile phone -> BTS -> BSC -> MSC -> PSTN / MSC
MSC / PSTN -> MSC -> BSC -> BTS -> Mobile phone
Base Transceiver Station - BTS
– Usually referred to as the Base Station
– Provides the interface to the network for the MS
– Handles all communications with the MS
– Less “intelligent” than analogue equivalent
• cheaper than analogue systems
• bypass analogue in less wealthy countries
– “intelligence” now deployed on MS
• for example, when to perform a handover
– Transmitting power determines cell size
Base Station Controller - BSC
– Controls Base Stations
• up to several hundred depending on manufacturer
– Manages radio channels
• allocation and release
– Coordinates Handover
– Physical location may vary
– Abis interface
• between BSC and BTS
Call Pathway
Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks

PSTN
MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR
BTS
ME
SIM
PLMN

EIR HLR AUC

Internet

+
SD

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

Mobile phone -> BTS -> BSC -> MSC -> PSTN / MSC
MSC / PSTN -> MSC -> BSC -> BTS -> Mobile phone
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

– Performs all switching/exchange functions

– Handles
– registration
– authentication
– location updating
– A GSM network must have at least one MSC
– May connect to other networks
• Gateway MSC (GMSC)
CDMA
• CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access) splits
calls into fragments and
send them over different
frequencies
simultaneously
• Can be thought as
improved GSM
• It can support more
users in a channel
• It is more secure
• 27% of mobile phones
are CDMA phones
 SMS
• SMS=Short Message Service=Current
Worldwide “Killer Application”
• A basic text messaging service for sending
messages up to 160 characters to mobile
phones
• Billions of messages are sent each month
very profitable for providers
 Evolution of messaging
Versatility of Content and User Benefits
Rich Call

Mobile
Multimedia

Multimedia
Message
Browsing Picture Service
Messaging
SMS

Text Text & Digital New

Graphics image content
Messaging input types

Time
SMS pathway
• Messages are sent to a Short Message
Service Centre (SMSC) which provides a
store-and-forward mechanism.
• If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC
tells the message for later retry
• Some SMSC only provide forward and
forget method
 GPRS
• GPRS - General
Packet Radio Service
• It is used to connect
internet through
mobile
• Provides high speed
data connectivity
BLUETOOTH
What’s With the Name?
• King Harald Bluetooth (A.D. 940 to 985)
• 10th century Viking king in Denmark

• Credited for uniting the country and

established Christianity

• Viking states included Norway & Sweden,

which is the connection to Ericsson (creator
of bluetooth)

•Similarly Bluetooth is to connect

Computers and Mobiles
 What Is Bluetooth?
• Designed to be used to connect both mobile devices
and other instruments that require a wire

• Simplifying communications
between:
- devices and the internet
- data synchronization

• “USB without wires”

• Short range wireless radio technology
- operate range of 10 meters
Bluetooth Devices

Bluetooth will soon be enabled in

everything from:
• Telephones
• Headsets
• Computers
• Cameras
• PDAs
• Cars
• Etc …
Bluetooth Products 1

• Bluetooth-enabled
PC Card
Bluetooth Products 2

• Bluetooth-enabled
PDA
Bluetooth Products 3
• Bluetooth-enabled
Cell Phone
Bluetooth Products 4

• Bluetooth-enabled
Head Set
Advantages (+)

• Wireless (No Cables)

• No Setup Needed
• Low Power Consumption (1 Milliwat)
• Industry Wide Support
Power Requirement
• Battery with longer
talk time, light weight,
proper shape.
• Easy recharging, long
life.
• Lithium Ion &
recently
lithium polymer.
USES

• SMS,MMS
• Camera, Video Recording
• Music player, Radio
• Games
• Text reader, NEWS
• Video conferencing
DISADVANTAGES
• Possible Cancer linkage.
• Pain in fingers due to constant messaging
& hearing problems.
• Disposal problem
• For terrorist activity
FUTURE
• Runtime information
about hotels &
libraries.
• During emergency,
lost can find way back.
• Mobile T.V.