Question.

Shade Sun

Why does the plant that grows in the shade (on the left) have larger leaves than the plant that grows in the sun (on the right)?

Cellular Energy
Chapter 8

Energy???
All living organisms require energy Consumers get energy from other organisms or producers Producers get energy from the sun

Autotrophs
Autotrophs include organisms that make their own food (aka producers) Autotrophs can capture the suns energy directly

Euglena
5

Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are organisms that can NOT make their own food (aka consumers) Heterotrophs can NOT directly capture the suns energy

Energy
Energy takes many forms such as light, heat, electrical, chemical, mechanical Energy can be changed from one form to another Energy can be stored in chemical bonds & then released later
Candles release energy as HEAT & LIGHT

Energy for Life on Earth

Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars

 Adenosine Triphosphate Contains three, high-energy phosphate bonds Also contains the nitrogen base adenine & a ribose sugar

ATP Cellular Energy

ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate ATP releases energy (a free phosphate) and without the extra phosphate it is ADP

One phosphate bond has been removed

10

Importance of ATP
Principal compound used to provide energy in living organisms - Referred to as the

energy currency

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Releasing Energy From ATP

ATP constantly used and remade by cells ATP directly provides all energy for cell activities The high energy phosphate bonds can be BROKEN to release energy The process of releasing ATPs energy & reforming the molecule is called phosphorylation

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Releasing Energy From ATP

Removing a phosphate releases energy & forms ADP
Adding a phosphate to ADP stores energy

Release

Store

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Cells Using Biochemical Energy

Cells Use ATP For: Active transport Movement Photosynthesis Protein Synthesis Cellular respiration All other cellular reactions

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Cells have enough ATP to last a few seconds ATP must constantly be made ATP transfers energy very well ATP is not very good at stored energy

More on ATP

15

Glucose
Glucose is a monosaccharide

One Molecule of glucose Stores 90 Times More Chemical Energy Than One Molecule of ATP

C6H12O6

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Why do plants need glucose?

Glucose is food for the plant. It gives the plant energy to grow & reproduce.

 They make enough glucose to be used during the night and on cloudy days when they dont get enough sunlight. They make extra glucose that is stored in the plants leaves and other parts.

How much glucose does a plant make?

What is photosynthesis?
Making food from sunlight Chlorophyll (green pigment) makes photosynthesis possible Plants leaves contain chlorophyll

Investigating Photosynthesis
Many scientists have contributed to understanding photosynthesis
example of collaboration

Early research focused on the overall process Later researchers investigated the detailed chemical pathways
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Early Questions on Plants

Several centuries ago, the question was:

As a plant grows, does the increase in mass of a plant come from the air? The soil? The water?

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Van Helmont (1643)

Planted a seed into a premeasured amount of soil and watered for 5 years Weighed plant & soil.
Plant was 75 kg Soil the same.

Concluded mass came from water Did he account for everything?

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Priestley (1771)
Burned candle in bell jar until it went out. Placed sprig of mint in bell jar for few days. Candle could be relit and burn. Concluded: Plants released substance (O2) necessary for burning.

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Repeated Priestly experiment with & without sunlight

Ingenhouszs Experiment 1779

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Results of Ingenhouszs Experiment

Showed that Priestleys results only occurred in the presence of Sunlight. Light was necessary for plants to produce the Burning Gas or oxygen.

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The Photosynthesis Equation

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What is needed for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment that traps light energy Chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts Plants get their green color from chlorophyll

CO2
Plants have tiny holes in the bottom of each leaf (called stomata) The tiny holes let air go in and out Plants use carbon dioxide Plants release oxygen

H 2O
Plants get water from the soil through their roots Veins in each leaf carry water throughout the plant Water is needed for the cells to carry on photosynthesis

Plants need sunlight

Chlorophyll traps light energy Light energy helps change CO2 and H2O to a simple sugars The plant uses the simple sugars to make other sugars and ATP

Essentials Needed for Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll Carbon Dioxide Water Sunlight

Products of Photosynthesis
Glucose
stored chemical energy

Oxygen
needed for cellular respiration
Process that creates ATP

EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

WATER OXYGEN

6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

CARBON DIOXIDE

C6H12O6 +
GLUCOSE

6O2

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of a plant.

Where are the choloroplasts?

Most are in the mesophyll Gases move through the stomata to exchange with the atmosphere

Inside A Chloroplast

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Structure of the Chloroplast

Double membrane organelle Outer membrane smooth Inner membrane forms stacks of connected sacs called thylakoids Stack of thylakoids = granum (grana-plural) Gel-like material around grana is called stroma

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Light & Pigments

Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light Chlorophyll molecules reflect green light and absorb other colors of rainbow Plants are green because only green light is reflected

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Wavelengths of Light (nm)

400

500

600

700

Short wave
(more energy)

Long wave
(less energy)

Light absorption by Chlorophyll

absorption

violet

blue

green

yellow

orange

red

wavelength

Absorbs blue-violet & red light best

During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?

Question:

 In addition to chlorophyll, other pigments are present During fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced because plants stop making them

Fall Colors

Carotenoids are pigments that are

either red, orange, or yellow

 Amount of water Amount of light Amount of carbon dioxide Temperature

Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

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How does photosynthesis help us?

Provides food for ALL organisms Removes carbon dioxide from air Adds oxygen to atmosphere

Two stages of photosynthesis

Light-dependent Reactions

Light drives a transfer of electrons and H from water to NADP+

Photosynthesis web animation

Light-dependent reactions
H2O molecules are split Produce O2, ATP, NADPH
NADP+ accepts electrons, which are carrying the

energy

Happen in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

Light-independent reactions
also known as the Calvin Cycle use NADPH and ATP created in thylakoid Take place in the stroma Use carbon from CO2 to create glucose

Photosynthesis