CHAPTER 6 WIRELESS SYSTEM AND NETWORKING

OUTLINES
Introduction to Wireless Network

Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Line

Development of Wireless Network Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy Traffic Routing in Wireless Network

Introduction to Wireless Network

Cellular telephone system is responsible for providing coverage throughout a particular territory Coverage region or market

Interconnection of many such system defines a wireless network capable of providing service to mobile users throughout a country or continent. Integrated network of BSs must be deployed to provide sufficient radio coverage to all mobile users.
BSs in turns must be connected to a central hub called mobile switching centre (MSC). MSC provides connectivity between public switch telephone network (PSTN) and BSs Between all wireless subscribers in a system.

Introduction to Wireless Network

Figure below shows the block diagram of a cellular system.

The basic concepts and standards used in todays wireless networks are covered in a manner which: first addresses the mobile-to-base link, followed by connection of BS to MSC, connection of MSC to PSTN and interconnection of MSCs throughout the world.

Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Network

Transfer of information in PSTN takes place over landline trunk lines (called trunks): Fibre optic cables, copper cables, microwave links and satellite links Network configurations in PSTN are virtually static. Available channel bandwidth for fixed networks can be increased by installing high capacity cables: Fibreoptics or coaxial cable

Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Network

Wireless networks are highly dynamic.

Network configuration rearranged every time a subscriber moves into coverage region of different BS.
Wireless network must reconfigure themselves for users within small time intervals to provide roaming imperceptible handoffs between calls as a mobile user moves

Wireless networks are constrained by meager RF cellular bandwidth provided for each user.

Development of Wireless Networks

Development of wireless networks can be divided into 3 generations: First Generation Wireless Networks Second Generation Wireless Networks Third Generation Wireless Networks

First Generation Wireless Networks

1st generation cellular and cordless telephone networks are based on analog technology. All 1st generation cellular systems use FM modulation. Cordless telephones use a single BS to communicate with a single portable terminal. Example: Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) used in US Designed primarily for voice.

Second Generation Wireless Networks

2nd generation wireless systems employ voice coding, digital modulation and advanced cell processing capabilities. Examples:
GSM, TDMA and CDMA US digital standards 2nd Generation Cordless Telephone (CT2) Personal Access Communication System (PACS) Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)

2nd generation wireless networks have introduced new network architectures that have reduced computational burden of MSC. Specifically designed to provide paging and data services such as facsimile and high data rate data access. Handoff process is mobile-controlled known as mobile-assisted handoff (MAHO).

Third Generation Wireless Networks

Will evolve from mature 2nd generation systems.

Aim is to provide a single set of standards that can: meet wide range of wireless applications and provide universal access throughout the world. A universal personal communicator (handset) will provide access to a variety of voice, data and video communication services.
3rd generation systems will use the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). Provide access to information networks (internet and other public and private database)

Third Generation Wireless Networks

3rd generation networks will
carry many types of information Voice, data, video operate in varied regions Dense and sparsely populated regions serve stationary and vehicular users traveling at high speed

Terms used to imply emerging 3rd generation wireless systems for hand-held devices:
3G Personal Communication System (PCS) and 3G Personal Communication Network (PCN) International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT-2000) Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) - Europe

WIRELESS EVOLUTION
Japan 1st Gen
TACS

Europe
NMT/TACS/Other

Americas
AMPS

2nd Gen

PDC

GSM

TDMA

CDMA

3rd Gen

W-CDMA/EDGE

(EDGE in Europe and Asia outside Japan)

EDGE

cdma2000

Group Assignment

Title: Wireless Network in Malaysia Due date: 9 April 2009 (Thursday)

Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy

Wireless networks rely heavily on landline connections.

Example: MSC connects to PSTN using fibreoptic or copper cable or microwave links BSs within cellular system are connected to MSC using LOS microwave links, or copper or fibreoptic cables
These connections require high data rate serial transmission schemes to reduce the number of physical circuits between two points of connections.

Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy

Several standard digital signaling (DS) formats form a transmission hierarchy that allows high data rate digital networks interconnected throughout the world which carry a large number of voice channel. These DS formats use time division multiplexing (TDM). Table 10.1 shows the digital hierarchy for North America and Europe. Coaxial or fibre optic cable or wideband microwave links are used to transmit data rate in excess of 10 Mbps. Inexpensive wire or coaxial cable may be used for slower data transfer.

Digital Transmission Hierarchy

TABLE 10.1

Digital Transmission Hierarchy

Typically, coaxial cable or fibre optic cable or wideband microwave links are used to transmit data rates in excess of 10MBps.

Inexpensive wire (twisted pair) or coaxial cable may be used for slower data transfer.
When connecting BSs to MSC or distributing trunked voice channels throughout wireless network, T1 (DS1) or level 1 links are most commonly used and utilize common-twisted pair wiring.

DS-3 and higher rate circuits are used to connect MSCs and central offices (COs) to PSTN.

Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks

Amount of traffic capacity required in wireless network is highly dependent upon the type of traffic carried. The type of traffic carried by a network determines routing services, protocol and call handling techniques. Two general routing services are provided by networks: Connection-oriented services (virtual circuit routing) Connectionless services (datagram services)

Connection-oriented services
Communication path between message source and destination is fixed for entire duration of the message. A call set-up procedure is required to dedicate network resources to both called and calling parties. Since path is fixed, traffic arrives at receiver in exact order it was transmitted. A connection-oriented service relies heavily on error control coding to provide data protection. If protection not sufficient, call broken and entire message retransmitted.

Connectionless services
Does not establish firm connection for the traffic.

Relies on packet-based transmissions.

Several packets form a message, and each individual packet is routed separately. Successive packets within the same message might travel completely different routes and encounter widely varying delays. Packets sent do not necessarily arrive in order and must be reordered at receiver. Because packets take different routes, some packets may be lost due to network or link failure.

Connectionless services
However, others may get through with sufficient redundancy to enable entire message to be recreated at receiver. Thus, avoids having to retransmit entire message but requires more overheads. Typical overheads: Packet source address, destination address, routing information Call set-up procedure is not required at beginning of call and each message burst is treated independently by the network.

Connectionless services
However, others may get through with sufficient redundancy to enable entire message to be recreated at receiver. Thus, avoids having to retransmit entire message but requires more overheads. Typical overheads: Packet source address, destination address, routing information Call set-up procedure is not required at beginning of call and each message burst is treated independently by the network.

Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks

There are three routing techniques that can be used in wireless network: Circuit switching Packet switching The X-25 Protocol

Group Assignment
Presentation date: Wednesday (29 March 2010) Duration: 20 min + 5 min Every member should participate in presentation Topics: Circuit switching Packet switching The X-25 Protocol

Quiz
Date: Monday(23 March 2009)

Topics: Chapter 6