IA1ERCARRIER IA1ERFEREACE

CAACELLA1IOA FOR OFDM

SYS1EM

Under 1he Cuidance of

Ms. Rupali Gupta
(Project Guide)
LI1LkA1UkL SUkVL
ln 1971 WelnsLeln and LberL proposed a modlfled CluM
ssLem ln whlch Lhe dlscreLe lourler 1ransform (ul1) was
applled Lo generaLe Lhe orLhogonal subcarrlers waveforms
lnsLead of Lhe banks of slnusoldal generaLors
ln Lhe 1990s CluM ssLems have been explolLed for hlgh
daLa raLe communlcaLlons
ln Lhe lLLL 80211 sLandard Lhe carrler frequenc can go up
as hlgh as 24 CPz or 3 CPz
Cne of Lhe maln dlsadvanLages of CluM ls lLs senslLlvlL
agalnsL carrler frequenc offseL whlch causes lnLercarrler
lnLerference (lCl)
LCCk DIAGkAM ICk CIDM SS1LM
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-er
IFFT IFFT
Guard
Interval
Insertion
Guard
Interval
Insertion
P$ P$
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Removal
Guard
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FFT FFT
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OFDM System
CrLhogonal lrequenc ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (CluM) has
grown Lo be Lhe mosL popular communlcaLlons ssLems ln
hlgh speed communlcaLlons
CluM can provlde hlgh daLa raLes wlLh sufflclenL robusLness
Lo radlo channel lmpalrmenLs lL has been accepLed as
sLandard ln several wlre llne and wlreless appllcaLlons
CrLhogonal lrequenc ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (CluM) ls a
mulLlcarrler Lransmlsslon Lechnlque ln whlch a large number
of orLhogonal overlapplng narrow band subcarrlers are
LransmlLLed ln parallel
WlLh CluM lL ls posslble Lo have overlapplng sub channels ln
Lhe frequenc domaln Lhus lncreaslng Lhe Lransmlsslon raLe
lL ls used ln Lhe Luropean dlglLal broadcasL radlo ssLem
1hls Lechnlque ls also used ln dlglLal subscrlber llnes (uSL) Lo
provlde hlgh blL raLe over a LwlsLedpalr of wlres
Powever one of Lhe maln dlsadvanLages of CluM ls lLs
senslLlvlL agalnsL carrler frequenc offseL whlch causes
aLLenuaLlon and roLaLlon of subcarrlers and Lhus leadlng Lo
lnLercarrler lnLerference (lCl)
1he undeslred lCl degrades Lhe performance of Lhe ssLem
CnAkAC1LkIS1ICS CI CIDM
CrLhogonallL
1wo slgnals are orLhogonal lf Lhelr doL producL ls zero
CrLhogonallL can be achleved b carefull selecLlng carrler
spaclng such as leLLlng Lhe carrler spaclng be equal Lo Lhe
reclprocal of Lhe useful smbol perlod
As Lhe sub carrlers are orLhogonal Lhe specLrum of each carrler
has a null aL Lhe cenLer frequenc of each of Lhe oLher carrlers ln
Lhe ssLem
1hls resulLs ln no lnLerference beLween Lhe carrlers allowlng
Lhem Lo be spaced as close as posslble
Plgh SpecLral Lfflclenc
CluM achleves hlgh specLral efflclenc b allowlng Lhe sub
carrlers Lo overlap ln Lhe frequenc domaln
CluM subcarrlers are more LlghLl packed Lhan LhaL ln luM
Pere each sub carrler ls orLhogonal Lo Lhe oLher sub carrlers so
slgnals overlap buL Lhe do noL lnLerfere wlLh each oLher
So an efflclenL use of bandwldLh ls achleved as quord bonds are
removed
Mu|t|path De|ay Spread 1o|erance
CluM ls hlghl lmmune Lo mulLlpaLh dela spread LhaL causes
lnLersmbol lnLerference ln wlreless channels
Slnce Lhe smbol duraLlon ls made larger (b converLlng a hlgh
daLa raLe slgnal lnLo 'n' low daLa raLe slgnals) Lhe effecL of dela
spread ls reduced b Lhe same facLor
kes|stance 1o Intersymbo| Interference
ln CluM lSl usuall refers Lo lnLerference of an CluM smbol b
prevlous CluM smbols
1he low smbol raLe makes CluM naLurall reslsLanL Lo effecLs of
lnLerSmbol lnLerference (lSl) caused b mulLlpaLh propagaLlon
IkLULNC CIISL1 MCDLL CI CIDM
lrequenc offseL ls lnLroduced ln Lhe channel as a mulLlpllcaLlve
facLor as phase roLaLlon
lrequenc offseL ls small dlfference ln frequenc beLween
LransmlLLer and recelver And Lhls frequenc offseL ls Lhe maln
cause of lnLercarrler lnLerference (lCl) ln Lhls case recelved
slgnal ls glven b
S1A1LMLN1 CI 1nL kCLLM
A wellknown problem of CluM however ls lLs senslLlvlL Lo
frequenc offseL beLween Lhe LransmlLLed and recelved carrler
frequencles
1hls carrler frequenc offseL causes ss rthqnoty beLween
subcarrlers and Lhe slgnals LransmlLLed on each carrler are noL
lndependenL of each oLher leadlng Lo lnLercarrler lnLerference (lCl)
SCLU1ICN
ln Lhls pro[ecL Lhe effecLs of lCl have been analzed and Lwo
soluLlons Lo combaL lCl have been presenLed
1he flrsL meLhod ls a senonneotn snheme ln whlch
redundanL daLa ls LransmlLLed onLo ad[acenL subcarrlers such
LhaL Lhe lCl beLween ad[acenL subcarrlers cancels ouL aL Lhe
recelver
1he oLher Lechnlque ls moxmum ehd estmotn {ML) ln
whlch Lhe frequenc offseL ls sLaLlsLlcall esLlmaLed and Lhen
cancelled ouL aL Lhe recelver
ICI SLLICANCLLLA1ICN (SC) SCnLML
1he maln ldea ls Lo modulaLe Lhe lnpuL daLa smbol onLo a group of
subcarrlers wlLh predeflned coefflclenLs such LhaL Lhe generaLed lCl
slgnals wlLhln LhaL group cancel each oLher hence Lhe name self
cancellaLlon
Pere one daLa smbol ls noL modulaLed lnLo one subcarrler raLher aL
leasL ln Lo Lwo consecuLlve subcarrlers
lf Lhe daLa smbol 'a' ls modulaLed lnLo Lhe 1
sL
subcarrler Lhen 'a' ls
modulaLed lnLo Lhe 2
nd
subcarrler
1hen Lhe lCl generaLed beLween Lhese Lwo subcarrlers almosL
muLuall cancels each oLher
ICI CANCLLLING MCDULA1ICN
1he lCl selfcancellaLlon scheme requlres LhaL Lhe LransmlLLed slgnals
be consLralned such LhaL x(1) x(0) x(3) x(2) x(n1) x(n2)
1he recelved slgnal on subcarrlers k Lo be wrlLLen as
Slmllarl Lhe recelved slgnal on subcarrler k+1 ls wrlLLen as
lCl coefflclenL ls denoLed as
lL ls found LhaL (lk) S (lk) whlch ls shown ln Lhe llg
I|g Compar|son etween for N64 and 04
ICI CANCLLLING DLMCDULA1ICN
lCl modulaLlon lnLroduces redundanc ln Lhe recelved slgnal
1hls redundanc can be explolLed Lo lmprove Lhe ssLem power
performance
1o Lake advanLage of Lhls redundanc Lhe recelved slgnal aL Lhe (k +
1)
Lh
subcarrler where k ls even ls subLracLed from Lhe k
Lh
subcarrler
SubsequenLl Lhe lCl coefflclenLs for Lhls recelved slgnal becomes
1he lCl cancellng demodulaLlon can furLher reduce Lhe resldual lCl
ln Lhe recelved slgnals
1he comblned lCl cancelllng modulaLlon and demodulaLlon meLhod ls
called Lhe lCl selfcancellaLlon scheme
I|g CIk verses for a standard CIDM system
1he advanLages of Lhls scheme llke lL ls slmple ln lmplemenLaLlon and
less complex
lL's maln dlsadvanLage ls reducLlon ln band wldLh efflclenc as Lhe
same smbol occuples Lwo subcarrlers
MAkIMUM LIkLLInCCD LS1IMA1ICN
ln Lhls approach Lhe frequenc offseL ls flrsL sLaLlsLlcall esLlmaLed
uslng a maxlmum llkellhood algorlLhm and Lhen cancelled aL Lhe
recelver
1hls Lechnlque lnvolves Lhe repllcaLlon of an CluM smbol before
Lransmlsslon and comparlson of Lhe phases of each of Lhe subcarrlers
beLween Lhe successlve smbols
1he maxlmum llkellhood esLlmaLe of Lhe normallzed frequenc offseL
ls glven b
kLSUL1S
llrsL we have done Lhe analsls of effecL of lCl on recelved slgnal
for Lhls we have ploLLed Lhe lCl coefflclenLs S(lk) for all
subcarrler lndlces
0 5 10 15
0
0. 2
0. 1
0.
0. 8
1
3uocarr|er |rdex |
j
3
(
|
-
|
)
j


10. 2
10. 1
0 5 10 15
0
0. 2
0. 1
0.
0. 8
3uocarr|er |rdex |
R
e
a
|
(
3
(
|
-
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)
)


10. 2
10. 1
0 5 10 15
-0. 1
-0. 2
0
0. 2
0. 1
0.
3uocarr|er |rdex |
l
r
a
g
(
3
(
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10. 2
10. 1
now Lo reduce lCl CluM ssLems emplolng lCl SelfCancellaLlon
(SC) and Maxlmum Llkellhood LsLlmaLlon (MLL) schemes were
slmulaLed for dlfferenL values of frequenc offseL ()
lL ls seen LhaL as Lhe value of frequenc offseL lncreases Lhe L8
lncreases
0 2 1 8 10 12 11 1 18 20
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Eo/ No
8
E
R
3ELF CANCELLATl0N 3ClEVE F0R 0AV-2


ep0. 15
ep0. 25
ep0. 15
llgure below shows Lhe L8 performance of an CluM ssLem
emplolng Maxlmum Llkellhood LsLlmaLlon scheme whlch glves
lesser L8 for hlgher value of frequenc offseL
0 2 1 8 10 12 11 1 18 20
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Vax |rur L|| e||rood Es l | ral |or 3 c rere lor 0AV-2
E
o
/ N
o
8
E
R


e 0. 15
e 0. 25
e 0. 15
CCNCLUSICN DLkIVLD
1he cholce of whlch meLhod Lo emplo for reducLlon of lCl
depends on Lhe speclflc appllcaLlon
1he maxlmum llkellhood esLlmaLlon meLhod also lnLroduces Lhe
same level of redundanc buL provldes beLLer L8 performance
lLs lmplemenLaLlon ls more complex Lhan Lhe selfcancellaLlon
meLhod
So lCl mlLlgaLlon Lechnlques are essenLlal ln lmprovlng Lhe
performance of an CluM ssLem ln an envlronmenL whlch
lnduces frequenc offseL error ln Lhe LransmlLLed slgnal
IU1UkL SCCL CI kCILC1
lurLher work can be done b performlng slmulaLlons Lo lnvesLlgaLe
Lhe performance of Lhese lCl cancellaLlon schemes ln mulLlpaLh
fadlng channels wlLhouL perfecL channel lnformaLlon aL Lhe recelver
Codlng assoclaLed wlLh frequenc and Llme lnLerleavlng make Lhe
ssLem ver robusL ln frequenc selecLlve fadlng Pence Channel
codlng ls ver lmporLanL ln CluM ssLems CCluM (Coded CluM)
ssLems can be used for lCl reducLlon
Schemes lmplemenLed ln Lhls pro[ecL for lCl reducLlon can also be
exLended Lo mulLlple lnpuL and mulLlple ouLpuL (MlMC) CluM
ssLems
'NTGE$
lCl mlLlgaLlon Lechnlques are essenLlal ln lmprovlng Lhe performance
of an CluM ssLem ln an envlronmenL whlch lnduces frequenc
offseL error ln LransmlLLed slgnal
1he comparlsons of Lhese schemes ln Lerms of varlous parameLers
wlll be useful ln deLermlnlng Lhe cholce of lCl mlLlgaLlon Lechnlques
for dlfferenL appllcaLlons and moblle envlronmenLs
PPLITION$
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB).
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) & HDTV.
European Wireless LAN Standard-HiperLAN2.
lLLL 80216 or WlMax Wlreless MAn sLandard
REFRENE$
B. G. Evans and K. Baughan, 'Vision oI 4G, Electronics &
Communication Engineering Journal, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 293 303,
December 2000.
White Paper: High-speed wireless OFDM communication systems,
Wi-LAN Inc., February 2001.
'CommsDesign Enabling Iast wireless networks with OFDM,
http://www.commsdesign.com/ story/OEG20010122S0078,
Accessed May 1, 2003
J. Armstrong, 'Analysis oI new and existing methods oI reducing
intercarrier interIerence due to carrier Irequency oIIset in OFDM,
IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 365
369, March 1999.
1PAnk ?Cu