Learnlng ln Parmony wlLh ?

our 8raln
ueveloped by rofessor 1erry uoyle
lerrls SLaLe unlverslLy
wwwlearnercenLeredLeachlngwordpresscom
doyleL[ferrlsedu
Slldes avallable for download aL
wwwlearnercenLeredLeachlngcom
unlverslLy of MonLevallo
Learnlng ln Parmony wlLh ?our 8raln
JhaL was 1hen
Culdo Sarduccl llve MlnuLe unlverslLy
lolklore vs Sclence
ln A CelebraLlon of neurons by
unlverslLy of Cregon LducaLlon
rofessor 8oberL SylwesLer ln 1993
Pe sald Lhe
lnformaLlon upon whlch
we make our Leachlng
declslons ls much closer
Lo folklore Lhan
sclence"
8raln SysLems 8elaLlon Lo Complex
CognlLlon and 8ehavlor
can only be explalned
saLlsfacLorlly by o
comptebeoslve bleoJ of tbeotles
and facLs relaLed Lo oll tbe levels
of otqoolzotloo of Lhe nervous
sysLem from molecules and
cells and clrculLs Lo largescale
sysLems and physlcal and soclal
envlronmenLs
Je musL beware of explanaLlons LhaL
rely on daLa from one slngle level
whaLever Lhe level may be (AnLonlo
uamaslo head of Lhe ueparLmenL of neurology aL Lhe
unlverslLy of lowa Medlcal CenLer)
8eware of
JhaL Je know abouL Lhe 8raln
JhaL we know abouL
Lhe braln comes from
blologlsL who sLudy
braln Llssue
experlmenLal
psychologlsL who sLudy
behavlor cognlLlve
neurosclenLlsL who
sLudy how Lhe flrsL
relaLes Lo Lhe second
(Medlna 2008)
8raln 8ased LducaLlon
Pow repuLable ls braln
based educaLlon?
Parvard unlverslLy now
offers a masLers degrees ln
Mlnd 8raln and LducaLlon
8raln 8ased LducaLlon
Parvard's mlsslon ls Lo
bulld a movemenL ln
whlch cognlLlve sclence
and neurosclence are
lnLegraLed wlLh
educaLlon ln research
and ln pracLlce
Je are 8orn Lo Learn
1he braln was meanL Lo explore and learn
1he Puman 8raln
1he human braln welghs Lhree (3) pounds buL
uses 2023 of Lhe bodles energy
1he Puman 8raln
1he human braln has 100 bllllon neurons
(lL does grow Lhousands of new cells dally)
wwwenchanLedlearnlngcom//glfs/neuronCll
1he Puman 8raln
1hese 100 bllllon neurons
are capable of maklng
40000000000000000
(lorLy quadrllllon connecLlons )
(!ohn 8aLey users Culde Lo Lhe 8raln 2001)
1he 8raln's needs
1he braln needs Lo
funcLlon effecLlvely
1 Lxerclse
2 Sleep
3 Cxygen
4 PydraLlon
3 lood (glucose)
Learnlng ls when neurons Jlre
Learnlng ls a change
ln Lhe neuron
paLLerns of Lhe
braln
(8aLey 2002 Coldberg 2009)
wwwvlrLualgalencom// neuronssmall[pg
1eachers' ueflnlLlon of Learnlng?
Learnlng ls Lhe ablllLy Lo use lnformaLlon afLer
slgnlflcanL perlods of dlsuse
and
lL ls Lhe ablllLy Lo use Lhe lnformaLlon Lo solve
problems LhaL arlse ln a conLexL dlfferenL (lf only
sllghLly) from Lhe conLexL ln whlch Lhe lnformaLlon
was orlglnally LaughL
(8oberL 8[ork ,emotles ooJ ,etomemotles 1994)
8aslc llndlng from 8raln 8esearch as lL
lmpacLs Puman Learnlng
lL ls Lhe one who does
Lhe work who does Lhe
learnlng( uoyle 2008)
arL Cne
Cur SLudenLs' MlndseLs
1wo klnds of MlndseLs
CrowLh llxed
CrowLh MlndseL
SLudenLs wlLh a growLh
mlndseL belleve Lhelr
braln ls malleable and
Lhelr lnLelllgence and
ablllLles can be
enhanced Lhrough hard
work and pracLlce
1hey belleve only Llme
wlll Lell how smarL Lhey
become
MlndseLCrowLh
A growLh mlndseL ls one
ln whlch sLudenL's value
hard work learnlng
and challenges whlle
seelng fallure as
someLhlng Lo learn
from
MlndseLCrowLh
ln Lhls vlew sLudenLs are
wllllng Lo Lake learnlng
rlsks and undersLand
LhaL Lhrough pracLlce
and efforL Lhelr ablllLles
can lmprove
MlndseLllxed
ln a flxed mlndseL
sLudenLs belleve LhaL
lnLelllgence ls a flxed LralL
LhaL some people have
lL and oLhers donL and
LhaL Lhelr lnLelllgence ls
reflecLed ln Lhelr
performance (uweck 2006)
MlndseLllxed
llxed mlndseLs also
belleve Lhey elLher
shouldn'L need Lo work
hard Lo do well
or
puLLlng ln Lhe efforL
won'L make any
dlfference ln Lhe
ouLcome
MlndseLs
llxed vS
lnLelllgence ls unchangeable
Look smarL
Avold Challenge
Make excuses Lo avold dlfflculLles
CrlLlclsm ls Laken personally
CrowLh
lnLelllgence ls malleable and can be
lmproved
ueslre Lo learn ls paramounL
lallure ls seen as an opporLunlLy Lo
learn 8lsks are necessary for growLh
LfforL ls necessary for growLh and
success
CrlLlclsm ls dlrecLed aL Lhelr currenL sklll
levelLhey know Lhey can lmprove
(Carol uweck 2008)
MlndseL and lnLelllgence
1here ls oo relaLlon
beLween sLudenLs
ablllLles or lnLelllgence
and Lhe developmenL of
a growLh mlndseL
leedback and MlndseL
1eachers should focus
on sLudenLs efforLs and
noL on Lhelr ablllLles
ralse Lhelr efforLs or
Lhelr sLraLegles noL
Lhelr lnLelllgence
leedback and MlndseL
Jhen sLudenLs fall
Leachers should also
glve feedback abouL
efforL or sLraLegles
whaL Lhe sLudenL dld
wrong and whaL he or
she could do now
arL 1wo
CognlLlve LnhancemenLs
CognlLlve LnhancemenLs
1here are loLs of qulck
and dlrLy sLudles of
cognlLlve enhancemenL
LhaL make Lhe news buL
Lhe number of rlgorous
welldeslgned sLudles LhaL
wlll sLand Lhe LesL of Llme
ls much smaller (eLer Snyder of
8rown unlverslLy Medlcal School)
Je're sorL of ln Lhe Jlld
JesL"
CognlLlve LnhancemenLs
Je have accumulaLed
enough knowledge
abouL Lhe mechanlsms
and molecular
underplnnlngs of
cognlLlon aL Lhe
synapLlc and clrculL
levels Lo say someLhlng
abouL whlch processes
conLrlbuLe" (!ames 8lbb of Lhe
unlverslLy of 1exas SouLhwesLern Medlcal
CenLer)
CognlLlve LnhancemenLs
CreaLer cognlLlve capaclLy
means
1More neurons and synapses
2Plgher levels of
neurogenesls especlally ln Lhe
memory formlng
hlppocampus
3 lncreased producLlon of
8unl whlch sLlmulaLes Lhe
producLlon of neurons and
synapses (neurosclenLlsL ?aakov SLern of
Columbla unlverslLy)
CognlLlve LnhancemenLs
8oLh neurogenesls and
synapse formaLlon boosL
learnlng memory
reasonlng and creaLlvlLy
ln people who excel aL
parLlcular Lasks braln
clrculLs Lend Lo be more
efflclenL (uslng less energy
even as cognlLlve demand
lncreases) hlgher capaclLy
and more flexlble (?aakov SLern
of Columbla unlverslLy)
Je can geL smarLer!
ALLenLlon and CognlLlve LnhancemenL
Cne of Lhe sLrongesL
flndlngs ln braln research
ls LhaL aLLenLlon ls almosL
maglcal ln lLs ablllLy Lo
physlcally alLer Lhe braln
and enlarge funcLlonal
clrculLs (neuroplasLlclLy)
JhaL we pay aLLenLlon Lo
ls key!
CognlLlve LnhancemenLs
Skllls we're already good aL
don'L make us much
smarLer we don'L pay much
aLLenLlon Lo Lhem
new cognlLlvely demandlng
acLlvlLy llke Lhe marLlal arLs
or a forelgn language ls
more llkely Lo boosL
processlng speed
sLrengLhen synapses and
expand or creaLe funcLlonal
neLworks (?aakov SLern of Columbla
unlverslLy)
Je need Lo learn new
Lhlngs!
nlcoLlne romoLes CognlLlve
LnhancemenL
nlcoLlne enhances
aLLenLlonLhaL key drlver
of neuroplasLlclLy and
cognlLlve performance ln
boLh smokers and
nonsmokers
nlcoLlne has slgnlflcanL poslLlve
effecLs on flne moLor skllls Lhe
accuracy of shorLLerm memory
some forms of aLLenLlon and
worklng memory among oLher
baslc cognlLlve skllls
(MarLha larah unlverslLy of ennsylvanla)
SclenLlsLs aL Lhe naLlonal lnsLlLuLe on
urug Abuse reporLed ln a 2010
analysls of 41 doublebllnd placebo
conLrolled sLudles
nlcoLlne ls a CognlLlve LnhancemenLs
1he lmprovemenLs llkely
represenL Lrue performance
enhancemenL and
beneflclal cognlLlve effecLs
1he reason ls LhaL nlcoLlne
blnds Lo Lhe braln recepLors
for Lhe neuroLransmlLLer
aceLylchollne LhaL are
cenLral players ln corLlcal
clrculLs (MarLha larah unlverslLy
of ennsylvanla)
Adderall and 8lLalln are CognlLlve
LnhancemenLs
1here are cognlLlve beneflLs
of sLlmulanLs llke Adderall
and 8lLalln aL leasL ln some
people for some Lasks
SLudles show LhaL boLh
drugs enhance Lhe recall of
memorlzed words as well as
worklng memory whlch
plays a key role ln fluld
lnLelllgence
(MarLha larah of Lhe unlverslLy of
ennsylvanla)
1he dopamlne boosL Lhese drugs
provlde can also be obLalned by [usL
Lhlnklng/bellevlng you can do beLLer
CognlLlve 1ralnlng
CognlLlve Lralnlng boosL
menLal prowess
8u1 Lralnlng your
memory reasonlng or
speed of processlng
lmproves only LhaL sklll
and does noL generallze
Lo oLher Lasks( SLern 2010)
uolng crosswords makes you
only beLLer aL dolng crosswords!
JhaL Lnhances CognlLlve
erformance?
1hree Lhlngs for sure
1 Aeroblc exerclse
2 MedlLaLlon
3 Some vldeo Camlng
Lxerclse and CognlLlve LnhancemenL
Lxerclse ls Lhe slngle
mosL lmporLanL Lhlng a
person can do Lo
lmprove Lhelr learnlng
(!ohn 8aLey 2008 Spark 1he
8evoluLlonary new Sclence of
Lxerclse and Lhe 8raln)
Lxerclse SLlmulaLes SynapLlc CrowLh
Lxerclse sLlmulaLes Lhe
producLlon of new
synapses whose capaclLy
and efflclency underlle
superlor lnLelllgence
llLness Lralnlng changes Lhe
molecular and cellular
bulldlng blocks LhaL underlle
many cognlLlve skllls
(ArL kramer of Lhe unlverslLy of llllnols aL urbana
Champalgn)
lL Lhus provldes more
generallzable beneflLs
Lxerclse and CognlLlve LnhancemenL
Lxerclse lnfluences
learnlng dlrecLly aL Lhe
cellular level lmprovlng
Lhe braln's poLenLlal Lo
log ln and process new
lnformaLlon
8aLey 2008 p33
Lxerclse and CognlLlve LnhancemenL
Lxerclse lncreases
producLlon of
neuroLransmlLLers LhaL help
1locus and aLLenLlon
2MoLlvaLlon
3 aLlence
4 Mood (more opLlmlsLlc)
(8aLey 2008)
Lxerclse and 8unl
(8ralnderlved neuroLrophlc facLor )
8unl
Mlracle Crow for
Lhe 8raln
(8aLey 2008)
Lxerclse roduces 8unl
lmproves braln healLh
Lnhances Lhe wlrlng of
neurons
ls a sLress lnoculaLor
Makes Lhe braln cells
more reslllenL
8unl and Lxerclse
ln parLlcular 8unl seems Lo be lmporLanL for
long Lerm memorles" (8aLey 2008)
MedlLaLlon and CognlLlve
LnhancemenL
1he second form of overall
cognlLlve enhancemenL ls
medlLaLlon
MedlLaLlon can lncrease Lhe
Lhlckness of braln reglons
LhaL conLrol aLLenLlon and
process sensory slgnals
from Lhe ouLslde world
(neurosclenLlsL Amlshl !ha of Lhe
unlverslLy of Mlaml)

MedlLaLlon and CognlLlve
LnhancemenL
1he Lralnlng has shown
success ln enhanclng
menLal aglllLy and
aLLenLlon by changlng
braln sLrucLure and
funcLlon so LhaL braln
processes are more
efflclenL Lhe quallLy
assoclaLed wlLh hlgher
lnLelllgence (neurosclenLlsL
Amlshl !ha of Lhe unlverslLy of Mlaml)
Camlng and CognlLlve LnhancemenL
Some vldeogames mlghL
lmprove general menLal
aglllLy (?aakov SLern of Columbla
unlverslLy)
Cames LhaL requlre moLor
conLrol vlsual search worklng
memory longLerm memory and
declslon maklng plus requlre LhaL
ellxlr of neuroplasLlclLy aLLenLlon
speclflcally Lhe ablllLy Lo conLrol
and swlLch aLLenLlon among
dlfferenL Lasks
Space lorLress vldeo Came
Camlng and CognlLlve LnhancemenL
eople geL beLLer on
LesLs of memory moLor
speed vlsualspaLlal
skllls and Lasks
requlrlng cognlLlve
flexlblllLy (?aakov SLern of
Columbla unlverslLy)
Serlous Cames
A ser|ous game ls a game
deslgned for a prlmary
purpose oLher Lhan pure
enLerLalnmenL
1he serlous ad[ecLlve
refers Lo producLs used by
lndusLrles llke defense
educaLlon sclenLlflc
exploraLlon healLh care
emergency managemenL
clLy plannlng englneerlng
rellglon and pollLlcs
vlrLual 1exLbooks
1he luLure ls PereAlmosL
Cllck on any bar ln Lhe
Llmellne and LhaL bar
expands Lo a llsL of
lmages whlch ln Lurn are
llnked Lo vlJeo abouL LhaL
arLlsL
1haLs key because llke a
greaL documenLary lL
makes learnlng abouL
whaL can be a falrly
narrow sub[ecL lnLo
someLhlng palnless
ArL 1exLbook
arL 1hree
JhaL Alds Cur
SLudenLs' Learnlng
and 8ecall
8esL afLer Learnlng lmproves 8ecall
1he researchers found LhaL
durlng resL Lhe areas of Lhe
braln were [usL as acLlve as
Lhey were when Lhey were
learnlng Lhe Lask
1he greaLer Lhe correlaLlon
beLween resL and learnlng
Lhe greaLer Lhe chance of
rememberlng Lhe Lask ln
laLer LesLs
ur Llla uavachl n?us ueparLmenL of
sychology and CenLer for neural Sclence
Slgnlflcance of Lhls llndlng
Should SLudenLs noL
Lake classes back Lo
back?
1aklng a coffee break
afLer class can acLually
help you reLaln Lhe
lnformaLlon you [usL
learned ur Llla uavachl
naps Pelp Learnlng
?ou need Lo sleep before
learnlng Lo prepare your
braln llke a dry sponge Lo
absorb new lnformaLlon (M
Jalker uC 8erkley)
A nASA sLudy found
asLronauLs who napped for
27 mlnuLes ln Lhe afLernoon
lmproved Lhelr cognlLlve
funcLlonlng on laLer day
Lasks by 31 over non
napplng asLronauLs(Medlna
2008)
Caffelne + Sugar and Learnlng
1he comblnaLlon of caffelne
and sugar enhanced
aLLenLlon learnlng and
memory
lmproves cognlLlve performance
ln Lerms of susLalned aLLenLlon
and worklng memory by
lncreaslng Lhe efflclency of Lhe
areas of Lhe braln responslble
for Lhese Lwo funcLlons
(Crabulosa Adan lalcn and 8argall 2010 reporLed ln Lhe
[ournal moo lsycbopbotmocoloqy cllolcol ooJ xpetlmeotol
Caffelne and Sugar (glucose) and
Learnlng
SusLalned aLLenLlon and worklng
memory (SmlL et ol 2006)
SlLuaLlons of exLended cognlLlve
demand (kennedy and Scholey 2004)
8eLLer performance was observed
ln a selecLlve aLLenLlon Lask
coupled wlLh dlrecL effecLs on
vlsual corLlcal processlng and
declslonmaklng assessed by
evenLrelaLed braln poLenLlals (8ao
et ol 2003)
lmprovemenLs ln aLLenLlon and
declaraLlve memory Lasks wlLhouL
slgnlflcanL changes ln mood (Scholey
and kennedy 2004 SmlL and 8ogers 2002)
Powever furLher sLudles are
requlred conLrolllng for dlfferenL
levels of cognlLlve efforL and also
conslderlng measuremenLs of neural
acLlvlLy
1hls sLudy alms were Lo analyze Lhe
effecL of consumlng caffelne (733mg)
and glucose (733mg) alone and ln
comblnaLlon
1he 8raln and Learnlng
naLural selecLlon
resulLed ln a human
braln LhaL could solve
problems of survlval ln
ouLdoor unsLable
envlronmenLs whlle ln
almosL consLanL
moLlon
( ur !ohn Medlna uevelopmenLal Molecular
8lologlsL unlverslLy of JashlngLon and AuLhor
of 8raln 8ules)
1he 8raln and Learnlng
lf educaLors had seL
ouL Lo deslgn a learnlng
envlronmenL LhaL was
ln compleLe opposlLlon
Lo whaL Lhe human
braln ls good aL Lhey
would have deslgned
Lhe schools of yesLerday
and Loday"
(!ohn Medlna 8raln 8ules 2008)
neuroplasLlclLy
1he ablllLy of Lhe braln
Lo rewlre and remap
lLself by means of
neuroplasLlclLy ls
profound
neuroplasLlclLy
Jhen Lhe correcL sklll
bulldlng proLocol ls
used educaLors can
make poslLlve and
slgnlflcanL changes ln
sLudenLs' bralns ln a
shorL Llme (neurosclenLlsLs
Mlchael Merzenlch and aula 1allal)
1reaLlng uevelopmenLal ulsorders
Showlng LhaL lLs
posslble Lo rewlre a
bralns whlLe maLLer has
lmporLanL lmpllcaLlons
for LreaLlng readlng
dlsablllLles and oLher
developmenLal
dlsorders lncludlng
auLlsm" Marcel !usL
uendrlLe CrowLh
1he plcLure show Lhe
dendrlLlc growLh LhaL
has Laken place 20
mlnuLes lnLo new
learnlng
See Lhe new cellular
maLerlal!
(CognlLlve neurosclenLlsL !aneL Zadlna 2010)
use lL or Lose lL
Jhen new maLerlal ls
noL pracLlced Lhe new
dendrlLe Llssue ls
reabsorbed by Lhe
braln Lo conserve
resources
(ur !aneL Zardlna 2010)
Learnlng AcLlvaLes Lhe 8raln's
8eward aLhway
8eal llfe meanlngful
and auLhenLlc learnlng
acLlvaLes Lhe reward
paLhway ln Lhe braln
lL ls Lhls paLhway LhaL
keeps us allve
(ur !aneL Zardlna 2010)
Learnlng AcLlvaLes Lhe 8raln's
8eward aLhways
8y glvlng us a [olL of
pleasure (dopamlne)
Lhe reward paLhway
works Lo ensure LhaL we
wlll repeaL Lhe
behavlors necessary Lo
survlve
hLLp//learngeneLlcsuLahedu/conLenL/ad
dlcLlon/reward/
MulLlLasklng Slows Learnlng
lL ls noL posslble Lo
mulLlLask when lL
comes Lo acLlvlLles
LhaL requlre Lhe
braln's aLLenLlon
(loerde knowlLon oldrack 2006)
MulLlLasklng
MulLlLasklng vlolaLes
everyLhlng we know abouL
how memory works
1he lmaglng daLa lndlcaLed
LhaL Lhe memory Lask and
Lhe dlsLracLlon sLlmull
engage dlfferenL parLs of
Lhe braln and LhaL Lhese
reglons probably compeLe
wlLh each oLher
(loerde k knowlLon 8arbara ! and
oldrack 8ussell A 2006 )
MulLlLasklng
Cur braln works hard Lo fool
us lnLo Lhlnklng lL can do
more Lhan one Lhlng aL a
Llme lL can'L
Jhen Lrylng Lo do Lwo
Lhlngs aL once Lhe braln
Lemporarlly shuLs down one
Lask whlle Lrylng Lo do Lhe
oLher
(3 uux L lvanoff ! Asplund C LC and Marols 8 2007 )
Sleep and Memory
9er|ods of s|owwave
s|eep are very |ong and
produce a reca|| and
probab|y amp||f|cat|on of
memory traces Lnsu|ng
ep|sodes of kLM s|eep
wh|ch are very short
tr|gger the express|on of
genes to store what was
processed dur|ng s|ow
wave s|eep
SldarLa 8lbelro uuke unlverslLy 2004
Sleep and Memory
Jhen youre asleep lL seems as
Lhough you are shlfLlng memory
Lo more efflclenL sLorage reglons
wlLhln Lhe braln
ConsequenLly when you awaken
memory Lasks can be performed
boLh more qulckly and accuraLely
and wlLh less sLress and anxleLy
MaLLhew Jalker hu dlrecLor of 8luMCs Sleep
and neurolmaglng LaboraLory and AsslsLanL
rofessor of sychlaLry aL Parvard Medlcal School
Long 1erm SLress
Long Lerm sLress
dlmlnlshes/ harms
braln funcLlon
ShorL 1erm SLress
AcuLe sLress acLlvaLes
selecLlve C8P
molecules (corLlcoLropln)
releaslng hormones
whlch dlsrupLed Lhe
process by whlch Lhe
braln collecLs and sLores
memorles (8aram2010)
rogress ls vlLal
A feellng of maklng
progress ls whaL allows
humans Lo deal wlLh
Lasks especlally Lasks
we don'L necessarlly
llke Lo do
(ur !ames Zull 2002)
1he 8raln ls Soclal
Survlval ls accompllshed
by worklng wlLh oLher
bralns
Croups of bralns
almosL always
ouLperform a slngle
braln
arL lour
Memory
lormaLlon and
8ecall
Je use all our Senses
1he LradlLlonal bellef among
neurosclenLlsLs has been
LhaL Lhe flve senses operaLe
largely as lndependenL
sysLems
Powever mounLlng daLa
suggesL lnLeracLlons
beLween vlslon hearlng
smell Louch and LasLe are
Lhe rule raLher Lhan Lhe
excepLlon
Aaron SelLz !ournal CurrenL 8lology 2006
Senses CreaLe MulLlple aLhways
1he more senses
used ln learnlng and
ln pracLlclng whaL
has been learned
Lhe more paLhways
are avallable for
recall
Smells and Learnlng
rousL LffecL ls Lhe
unusual ablllLy of smell
Lo enhance recall
8esL resulLs when
smells are congruenL
wlLh Lhe slLuaLlon
Medlna 2008 8raln 8ules p212
vlslon 1rumps All
vlslon Lrumps all oLher senses
vlslon 1rumps All
1exL and oral
presenLaLlons are noL
[usL less efflclenL Lhan
plcLures for reLalnlng
lnformaLlon Lhey are
way less efflclenL
(8raln 8ules p234)
vlslon 1rumps All
Cral lnformaLlon has a
recall of abouL 10
afLer 72 hours
Add a plcLure and Lhe
recall lncreases Lo 63
(8raln 8ules 234)
192.107.108.56/.../m/murray_k/final/img004.jpg
19210710836//m/murray_k/flnal/lmg004[pg
Crammlng
Jorklng Memory and Long 1erm
8ecall
1he researchers
concluded LhaL shorL
Lerm memory decays as
a funcLlon of Llme lf
rehearsal ls noL
permlLLed
(8arroulleL 8ernardln and Camos2004)
Crammlng
1he shorLLerm
advanLage of sLudy
pracLlce shows LhaL
crammlng can lmprove
exam scores
Carrler ashler 1992 8oedlger
karplcke 2006b 1hompson Jenger
8arLllng 1978 Jenger 1hompson
8arLllng 1980 Jheeler Lwers
8uonanno 2003
Powever lf Lhe goal of
pracLlce ls longLerm
reLenLlon of course
maLerlal crammlng
appears Lo be an
lrraLlonal behavlor
CumulaLlve 1esLs Jork
1hese sLudles show LhaL
revlews ln general and
cumulaLlve LesLs ln
parLlcular lead Lo
lmproved sLudenL
performance (1homas
Ldmonds 1984)
uslng CumulaLlve Lxams
lf Lhe lnLervenlng LesL lncludes
correcL answer feedback lL ls
noL surprlslng LhaL LesLlng
ofLen lmproves longLerm
reLenLlon (Cull 2000 Mcuanlel llsher 1991
ashler Cepeda JlxLed 8ohrer 2003)
A LesL wlLh feedback provldes
noL only an opporLunlLy for
reLrleval pracLlce buL also an
opporLunlLy for addlLlonal
sLudy because Lhe answer ls
elLher reLrleved or provlded
Memory 8ules
1 8epeLlLlon over
Llme dlsLrlbuLed
pracLlce
2LlaboraLlon of
maLerlal
LlsLen Lo Lhe Muslc
uo you know Lhe lyrlcs Lo
songs LhaL you dld noL Lry Lo
learn and do noL wanL Lo
know Lhe lyrlcs Lo?
?LS
racLlce over 1lme
racLlce use
8epeLlLlon 8evlew
8eflecLlon or oLher
meanlngful ways we
engage wlLh new
learnlng over Llme ls a
ma[or key Lo lLs recall
8evlew
8evlews may do more
Lhan slmply lncrease
Lhe amounL learned
Lhey may shlfL Lhe
learner's aLLenLlon away
from Lhe verbaLlm
deLalls of Lhe maLerlal
belng sLudles Lo lLs
deeper concepLual
sLrucLures(uempsLer 1986)
Pow Lo use 8evlew
8evlew ls mosL effecLlve
when spread ouL over
Llmeevery few days
raLher Lhan Lwo revlews
ln Lhe same day ls Lwlce
as effecLlve and
lncreases as Lhe
frequency of revlew
lncreases(uempsLer1986)
LlaboraLlons are Lhe key
" lor beLLer or worse our
recollecLlons are largely
aL Lhe mercy of our
elaboraLlons" (uanlel SchacLer
auLhor of Lhe Seven Slns of Memory)
LlaboraLlon ls a
Ma[or key Lo 8ecall
SLep Cne Accuracy
SLep 1wo 8eflecLlon
SLep 1hree 8egular 8evlew
SLep lour Mapplng lmages CharLs
SLep llve 8ecodlng
keeplng Memorles
1he besL way Lo mlnlmlze memory decay ls Lo use
elaboraLlve rehearsal sLraLegles
vlsuallzlng
Slnglng
JrlLlng
SemanLlc Mapplng
urawlng lcLures
Symbollzlng
Mnemonlcs
LmoLlon and Memory
Lmot|ona| arousa|
organ|zes and
coord|nates bra|n act|v|ty
(8|oom 8ea| kupfer 2003)
When the amygda|a
detects emot|ons |t
essent|a||y boosts act|v|ty
|n the areas of the bra|n
that form memor|es (S
namann Lmony UN)
LmoLlon and Memory
LmoLlonal arousal appears
Lo lncrease Lhe llkellhood of
memory consolldaLlon
durlng Lhe reLenLlon
(sLorage) sLage of memory
A number of sLudles show
LhaL over Llme memorles
for neuLral sLlmull decrease
buL memorles for arouslng
sLlmull remaln Lhe same or
lmprove (Lebar and helps 1998)
Jhlch of Lhe followlng slldes
would be easler Lo recall afLer
Lwo weeks?
Sllde Cne
uploadwlklmedlaorg/wlklpedla/commons/Lhumb/
Sllde 1wo
wwwoperaLlonsudanorg/lmages/darfur_chlld_sL
Jhy SLudenLs lorgeL
kev|ew he|ps to ||m|t the 3 "S|ns" of Memory that
common|y occur among students
1 8|ock|ng |nformat|on stored but can't be
accessed (Schacter 2001)
2 M|sattr|but|on attr|but|ng a memory to the
wrong s|tuat|on or source (2o|a 2002)
3 1rans|ence memory |ost over t|me 6S of a
|ecture |s |ost |n the f|rst hour(Schacter 2001)
arL llve
aLLerns and Learnlng
aLLerns and Learnlng
1he braln ls a paLLern
seeklng devlce LhaL relaLes
whole concepLs Lo one
anoLher and looks for
slmllarlLles dlfferences or
relaLlonshlps beLween
Lhem" (8aLey 2002 pg3)
Soclology
sychology
AnLhropology
Jhlch of Lhe followlng
slldes ls easler Lo
remember and JP??
SLluL CnL
4915802979
Sllde 1wo
{491_ 580-2979
Sllde Cne
n8Al8ln8CuSAM1v
Sllde 1wo
n8A n8C l8l uSA M1v
lamlllar aLLerns
|uster|ng ls used Lo organlze relaLed
lnformaLlon lnLo groups lnformaLlon LhaL ls
caLegorlzed becomes easler Lo remember and
recall
ln 1eachlng 8eadlng
1oplc
Maln ldeasconcepLs lssues
SlgnlflcanL ueLalls
lmporLanL Lxamples
LlsLs
names uaLes laces
1erms ueflnlLlons
Common aLLerns for Learnlng
SlmllarlLy and ulfference
Cause and LffecL
Comparlson and ConLrasL
ln sLudenLs' own words
1each your SLudenLs Lhe aLLerns ln
Lhe Course
Plerarchal ChemlsLry
Llnear PlsLory MaLh
8ank Crder8uslness
lvoL
ConcepLs Soclal Sclences
LocaLlonCeography
1hemePumanlLles
aLLerns ln LawLA1CP
?our paLLern wlll be
deLermlned by Lhe sLory
you wanL Lo Lell Lach
way wlll permlL a
dlfferenL undersLandlng
of Lhe lnformaLlon
uaLa can only lofotm us
when lL becomes
sLrucLured
LocaLlon alphabeL
Llme caLegory or
hlerarchy
8eferences
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