Bridge Module

Project Preparation and Administration
Bridge Module
Why are bridges part of this training?

Big cost. Long Process Design is complicated Tough Decisions
R1 Trails Project Preparation
But they are Fun!
Proud crew!
Trails do nothing more than connect the Bridges!
Training Focus
Bridge Design Process
Decisions to be
made. How to make those decisions!
Training Focus
Northern Region Standard Trail Bridge Plans
Intended uses Limitations, Inappropriate Uses Costs Maintenance
Wilderness Bridges Helicopter Usage Preservative Treatments If there is time NP Wilderness Bridge Project Presentation
Authorities
All Decisions Line Office Approval of Bridge Design Director of Engineering
Unless using
Regional Standard Trail Bridge Designs Forest Engineer.
All Trail Bridges need to be designed!

Bridge in Bob Marshall Wilderness
Authorities
Design Resources Available.
Forest Engineer
Regional Bridge Group
John Kattell David Scovell
Our job is to provide technical assistance to Forest personnel and complete and/or approve all bridge designs.

Function (To bridge or not? Replace or remove?) Project Scope** Who is User? ROS? TMO? Force Account/Contract?
**Contact FE and /or RO during Project Scope

Location/Survey Where is best spot? Many decisions. Preliminary Design
Project Funding and Scope finalized.
Plans, Specs, Estimates.
Final Design
Construction COR
Project Initiation and Scope

Function
To Bridge or Not to
Bridge? Replace or remove? Preliminary Engineering needed?
Factors?
TMO & ROS User Safety Resource Protection Others?
Albino Trail Bridge Site - Gal

Funding Feasibility Aesthetics Wilderness

In general, more complicated than road bridges. Why?
Defining the User Location Access Wilderness Size?

Dome Mtn. On Ktn.
24-foot span Wilderness 6-mile from TH but
4000 ft elevation gain. Force Account Dangerous work.

Iron Springs on D-P
50-foot span Easy access Total cost -
Maah-Taah-Hey Trail
~$35,000 Contract

Define the User (TMO & ROS)
Pedestrians Stock ATVs Bicycles Administration vehicles Outfitters / other permittees
User affects size, design
and cost. Bridge many times limits the user!

Force Account or Contract?
decisions!) (Effects design
Design (in house or A/E) Complexity of bridge project. Availability of Forest or RO Engineers Funding Typically, R1 designs are done in house. Construction Safety Force Account capability, skill level, and availability. Complexity of bridge. Funding Pros and Cons

Goat Creek on NP
Remote site required packing all materials. Simple construction NP has trained Crews. Force Account

Yellow Mule on Gallatin
Bridge part of a larger trail construction project. Short distance from trailhead. Complicated construction Contract

Mystic on Custer
Site at trailhead. Working over large water penstock and tracks. Needed large equipment
Contract

Summary
Function (To bridge or not to bridge)
Define Users. Force Account versus Contract
Funding. Project a go or no go?

May need some preliminary engineering
this early.
Who makes these decisions?
Location / Survey
Location
Narrowest spot? Not necessarily Stable stream reach. Where users want it! Good trail
Survey - Varies
Simple small creek
Profile of trail and stream with few xsections. Sketches

Complex
approaches for user

(function for hikers vs stock vs snomobiles vs ATVs)
Full site survey of area. Geotechnical (drilling)

In general, experienced
bridge engineer may get by with less.
Location / Survey
Holter Cut on Btr. No survey done.
Location / Survey
Little Salmon on Flathead in Bob Marshall. Full site survey completed. Needed for hydraulic analysis.
Preliminary Design
Determine
Span
Factors
Crossing and height Flood waters, Clearance User Span, location, aesthetics Site geology See earlier slide All of the above.
Height
Width Bridge Type
Foundations
FA or Contract Cost
Preliminary Design
Two biggest problems in R1
Bridges too short.

Abutments scour and fail Resource damage
Preliminary Design
Bridges are too low!
Preliminary Design
Sill-Thru Configuration Little work in water. Hydraulically efficient. (less susceptible to scour). More $ in superstructure, less in abutments. No wingwalls needed.
Preliminary Design
Vertical Wall Configuration More work in water. Hydraulically less efficient. (more susceptible to scour). Less $ in superstructure, more in abutments. Need wingwalls
Preliminary Design
Span Length
Field Estimate (Rule of Thumb) typical spill-thru bridge.
BH
Span Length (L)
Estimated Span Length (L) = BW + 3 x BH BW Channel bottom width BH Bridge height from channel bottom to trail tread.
Preliminary Design
Span Length
Field estimate must be verified on paper. Do not undersize. Better to spend more on span than abutments. Evaluate existing bridge (did it function OK) Iterative process with what? Bridge height
What controls bridge height?
Preliminary Design
What controls bridge height?
Trail height Bridge structure
depth
Rule of thumb 1/20 x span
Clearance for debris
Minimum 2 feet above high water (100 yr flood) to bottom of bridge.
Little Salmon on Flathead
Preliminary Design
Span Length Vertical Wall abutment
BH
Span Length (L)
Span Length = Bankfull +. Must be able to pass
flood without damage to bridge or stream. Footings must be below stream bed as minimum unless on bedrock.
Preliminary Design
Factors for Bridge Width - Users - Railing
Bridge w/o railing
Preliminary Design
Variable widths
Single log 14 Stock w/railing 8 Snowmobile 16+ Manual guidance but can be anything.
Bridge with railing

Preliminary Design
Bridge Types
Single Log
Timber stringer
Glu-lam stringer Truss Suspension Packable
Factors
Span Access
Aesthetics Materials
Preliminary Design
Foundations
Spread footings Gabions Geocell Walls
Factors
Site geology Site materials Access Scour Potential
Generally we use spill-thru configuration with timber sill on gabion or geocell.
Preliminary Design
Costs
Very difficult to estimate.
No rules of thumb. Procedure Take off and price materials (variable) Crew up labor.
$2500/day for crew of 4 with misc.tools/equipment Or use Davis Bacon rates
Estimate Equipment needed (cranes, backhoe, helicopter)
Preliminary Design
Costs - continued
Materials Sawn Timber GL timber Bolts/hardware Concrete Reinforcing Steel Gabions Geocell Geocell fill
$1350/mfbf $2500/mfbf $3.00/lbs. $600 - $1000/cy $1.25/lb $125/cy $15/cy $25-$75/cy
Preliminary Design
Costs - continued
Equipment Excavator Backhoe Dump Truck Crane (Light) Crane (medium) Helicopters Packing
$130/hr $80/hr $75/hr $350/hr $650/hr See later slides
$225/mule trip (180 lbs per mule)
Preliminary Design
Typical work items to accomplish for labor.

Project Management
Less Common Work Items

Helicopter use.
Mobilization
Excavation Build Abutments Install Superstructure
Packing Materials
Supply Camp Install Falsework.
Build Approach walls

Build Approach fills
Preliminary Design
Nail Lam built 15 years ago. Replace with glulam stringer bridge. On sills. Wilderness Use Helicopter to fly in stringers. Estimate based on Contract Construction Flood Creek Custer
Preliminary Design
Whose Responsibility / Authority for preliminary decisions?
Forest!
However, Engineering must assist! Why? Call FE and or RO during Project Scope for assistance with alternatives and options. Meet with Rec staff and Ranger to discuss preliminary design options and alternatives.
Preliminary Design
At this point
Re-evaluate Project Scope! Re-evaluate Funding!
Why?
Many times each site has several
alternatives being evaluated. Must select Final Design Alternative.
Final Design, PS&E

Typically done by Engineering Plans (as a minimum)
Title Sheet (signatures) Bridge Layout (Plan and Elevation) On site plan from survey. Abutment/foundation details Superstructure details Miscellaneous details
Final Design, PS&E

Specifications
FP-03, Standard Specifications for
Construction of Roads and Bridges on federal Highway Projects. Special Project Specifications as needed.
Final Design, PS&E

Estimates
Estimated Construction Costs Update of preliminary estimate Estimated Schedule for Construction
Final Design, PS&E

Plans, Specs and Estimates
All 3 required. Any difference for Force Account vs
Contract?
Shouldnt be!
Authorities Regional Engineer must approve PS&E package, UNLESS Using Standard Plans, then FE has authority to approve PS&E package.
Construction
All Trail Bridge Construction is to be administered and inspected by
Certified COR, Level III With appropriate technical endorsements. Any difference for Force Account vs
Contract?
NO!
RO will assist as needed or requested.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans

Pre-designed and detailed drawings for:
Typical Trail
Iron Springs on Maay-Daay-Hey Trail
Bridge Superstructures Typical simple substructures (sills).

Intended Uses
Simple, single spans Spans less than 60 feet Adapted for each site. FE can approve.
Limitations
At discretion of FE only.
Not for complex bridges. Not for difficult
abutments. Still requires, survey, hydraulic analysis, soils, etc.

Typical Superstructures:
Solid Sawn Timber Stringer
Drawing #
R1920 R1921 R1922 R1923 R1924 R1925 R1926 R1927
Log Stringer
Glu-lam timber stringer Glu-lam longitudinal slab
Single log
Nail-lam longitudinal slab Prefabricated steel truss Packable spliced stringer

Typical abutment details
Various types of sills used
Drawing #
R1930-34
Will need to be customized for each site.

Sawn Timber Stringer
Spans 10 to 40 feet
Any width
Stringers 3x10 to 8x24 ROS - ??? Economical if you have
used stringers. But stringer quality large than 4x10 gets iffy. Costs increase significantly with larger stringers.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans Sawn Stringer

Log Stringer
Spans 10 to 45 feet.
Any width.
Diameter from 8 to
22 ROS ??? Costs are higher Than other types for similar spans. More difficult to build and maintain.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans Log Stringer

Glu-laminated Stringer
Any width.
Stringers 3.125 x 15 to
8.75 x 39. Requires diaphragms. ROS - ???? Most ecomomical for spans 40 feet or longer. Easy construction but requires larger equipment. Low maintenance.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans GL Stringer

GL Longitudinal Slab
Best for widths < 8.

Come in panels, max
4 width. ROS - ??? Very ecomomical Easy to build. Low maintenance Handrail more difficult to attach.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans GL Longitudinal Slab

Single Log Stringer
User is hiker only.
Spans 10 to 45 feet. Diameters 16 to 24 ROS ???. Handrail is hard to
attach and align. Handrail may be maintenance problem.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans Single Log

Nail-Lam Longitudinal Slab
Best for widths < 8.

Materials 2x6 to 2x14. ROS - ??? Labor intensive. Materials less expensive but
labor is higher. Good for sites short distance from trailhead but not accessible for equipment Moderate maintenance. Handrail difficult to attach.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans Nail Laminated Slab

Prefabricated Steel Truss
Spans > 60 (Standard
Plans limited to 100) Any width. ROS ??? Requires heavy equipment. Too heavy for economical use of helicopters. Requires manufacturer design and shop drawings. Low maintenance.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans Prefabricated Truss

Packable Bridge
Span 36 feet or less.
Any width.
ROS - ??? Alternative to
helicopter use. Expensive materials. Labor intensive. More difficult to build. Increased maintenance.
Trail Bridge Standard Plans Packable Bridge

Abutment Details
Sill designs - Spill-thru
Keep away from stream
edge. Not applicable if scour issues. Do not stack sills to gain height. Place on geocell, gabion, or concrete pad. Need to be site adapted.
Timber Cribbing & Rock Gabions
Sill on Gabion Sill on Timber crib on geocell
Others Trail Bridge Types

Timber Truss
Spans 50 to 100+
feet. Any width ROS ??? Labor intensive. Difficult to build Moderate maintenance. Can be built with semi- primitive tools or heavy equipment.
Others Trail Bridge Types Timber Truss
Others Trail Bridge Types

Suspension Bridges
Spans > 100 feet
Up to 8 feet. ROS ???
Very difficult to
build. Very high maintenance. Very high cost
General Guidance
Trail Types
Hiking
Mountain Biking Pack and Saddle
Cross Country Skiing
Clear width
4
4
5 w/o rail 6 w/rail
Rail Height
42
54 54 42 Site specific
6 6
Snowmobile
Motorcycle
ATV
42
50
42
27
General Guidance
Railing Are they needed?
Proposed manual direction says:
In general, rails shall be required for all trail and pedestrian bridges. However, railings may be eliminated and potentially curbs substituted for rails when an appropriate analysis as described below has been completed:
An analysis has identified and evaluated the potential users and determined that the potential hazards along the trail are the same or greater than that of a bridge without a rail. The analysis shall include the possibility of using a rail on only one side of the bridge. In general, rural and urban ROS settings are likely to have small children and less experienced users. Thus, a railing is warranted in most instances. In backcountry or wilderness settings, where users are normally more experienced, rails may not be needed.
General Guidance
Pettibone to left, Goat to below on NP. Selway wilderness.
General Guidance
Dome Mtn. Kootenai. Cabinet Wilderness
No Handrail!
General Guidance
Type Sawn Stgr. Log Stgr. GL Stgr. GL Slab Single Log NL Slab Steel Truss Packable Tbr. Truss Suspension ROS Spans 10 to 40 10 to 45 25 to 60 10 to 35 10 to 45 12 to 30 > 60 < 36 > 60 > 100 Equipment Light Light/Med Medium Light Primitive/Light Primitive/Light Heavy Primitive/Light Light/Heavy Medium Maint. Low Low Low Low Low Moderate Low Moderate Moderate High Cost Low/Med Low/Med Low/Med Low Low Medium High High High High
Wilderness Trail Bridges

Unique
What is
appropriate? What can you build? Is a bridge needed? Bob Marshall Wilderness

Design Process Add conceptual design before Project Scope Need alternatives
Bridge Type Construction methods Materials
Conceptual Design
Project Scope
Costs
Location/Survey

Minimum Tool analysis. Use of helicopters Force Account or Contract. Logistics!!
Wilderness bridges are the most complicated and expensive. Need special attention.
Helicopter Usage
Helicopter contracts
Type I (Heavy) Sky cranes, etc Can pick up to 25,000 lbs. On call contract $9000/hour Must come out of West Coast. Mob costs prohibitive. Type II (Medium) 5000 to 12,000 lbs. On call contract $4500/hour Several in Montana, but not readily available.
Helicopter Usage
Helicopter contracts
Type III ( Light) Can pick up to 5000lbs. On call contract $1800/hour For up to 3000 lbs, readily available.
Need to plan ahead and try to coordinate
with other work in the area to lower costs.
Helicopter Usage
Helicopter Use - best value?
Small helicopter More trips More on-site labor (fly one stringer at a time) Big Helicopter Less trips. Less on site labor (fly in entire bridge superstructure)
Preservative Treatments
What is life expectancy of permanent bridge? Life of untreated material? 15 to 20 years Life of treated material? 50 + years
Treated vs Untreated.
Manual Direction fpr
permanent structures
design life of 50 yrs
However, exceptions are
made. Who decides?

Forest
Treated material is
strongly recommended. Papoose Creek on Clwt NF
Protect the integrity of Treatment.
Cutting ends, drilling
holes, all ruins treatment.
Blue Sky Bridge on Ktn NF
Field treatments have limited success. To apply field treatments, person needs training and certification. Hassle!
Preservative Treatment
Any laws against Treatment?
Only 1 by EPA
Can not use CCA in
members in direct contact with peoples skin. No others.
However, do we want oily treatment on handrails?
Preservative Treatment
Options
Substructure,
stringers, deck, curbs

Penta, Copper Naphthenate
Handrail Treated many choices Untreated redwood or Red Cedar

Iron Springs - DPGL
Changing constantly

Bridge Module

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Project Preparation and Administration

Why are bridges part of this training?

R1 Trails Project Preparation

But they are Fun!

Trails do nothing more than connect the Bridges!

R1 Trails Project Preparation

made. How to make those decisions!

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Intended uses Limitations, Inappropriate Uses Costs Maintenance

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Regional Standard Trail Bridge Designs Forest Engineer.

All Trail Bridges need to be designed!

Bridge in Bob Marshall Wilderness

John Kattell David Scovell

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Bridge Design Process

**Contact FE and /or RO during Project Scope

Project Funding and Scope finalized.

Plans, Specs, Estimates.

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Project Initiation and Scope

Bridge? Replace or remove? Preliminary Engineering needed?

Albino Trail Bridge Site - Gal

Funding Feasibility Aesthetics Wilderness

Bridge Design Process

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Bridge Design Process

4000 ft elevation gain. Force Account Dangerous work.

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Bridge Design Process

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Project Initiation and Scope

and cost. Bridge many times limits the user!

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Project Initiation and Scope

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Force Account or Contract?

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Force Account or Contract?

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Force Account or Contract?

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Project Initiation and Scope

Funding. Project a go or no go?

Who makes these decisions?

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Profile of trail and stream with few xsections. Sketches

approaches for user

Full site survey of area. Geotechnical (drilling)

bridge engineer may get by with less.

R1 Trails Project Preparation

R1 Trails Project Preparation

R1 Trails Project Preparation

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Bridges too short.

R1 Trails Project Preparation

R1 Trails Project Preparation

R1 Trails Project Preparation

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Span Length (L)

R1 Trails Project Preparation

R1 Trails Project Preparation

Minimum 2 feet above high water (100 yr flood) to bottom of bridge.