Three-phase induction motor

Instructional Objectives Construction Types of rotor Operating Principle Effect of slip in rotor Torque equation
- Starting & Running

Torque-Slip Characteristics
By P.Anitha,Lecturer EEE Dept

Type of Electric Motors AC Motors

Electrical current reverses direction

Two parts: stator and rotor

Stator: stationary electrical component Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

Speed difficult to control

Two types
Synchronous motor Induction motor

AC motors
Alternating current (AC) motors use an electrical current, which reverses its direction at regular intervals. An AC motor has two basic electrical parts: a "stator" and a "rotor". The stator is in the stationary electrical component. The rotor is the rotating electrical component, which in turn rotates the motor shaft.

Disadvantages of AC motors
The main advantage of DC motors over AC motors is that speed is more difficult to control for AC motors. To compensate for this, AC motors can be equipped with variable frequency drives but the improved speed control comes together with a reduced power quality.

Type of AC Motors
There are two types of AC motors: synchronous and induction. The main difference between the synchronous motor and the induction motor is that the rotor of the synchronous motor travels at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field.

AC Motors Synchronous motor

Constant speed fixed by system frequency
DC for excitation and low starting torque: suited for low load applications

Can improve power factor: suited for high electricity use systems
Synchronous speed (Ns):

Ns = 120 f / P

F = supply frequency P = number of poles

AC Motors Synchronous motor

A synchronous motor is an AC motor, which runs at constant speed fixed by frequency of the system. It requires direct current (DC) for excitation and has low starting torque, and synchronous motors are therefore suited for applications that start with a low load, such as air compressors, frequency changes and motor generators.

AC Motors Synchronous motor

Synchronous motors are able to improve the power factor of a system, which is why they are often used in systems that use a lot of electricity. This motor rotates at a synchronous speed, which is given by the following equation
Ns = 120 f / P Where: f = frequency of the supply frequency P= number of poles

AC Motors Induction motor

Induction motors are the most common motors used for various equipments in industry. Their popularity is due to
their simple design, they are inexpensive (half or less of the cost of a DC motor) High power to weight ratio (about twice that of a DC motor) are simple, rugged, low-cost and easy to maintain. They run at essentially constant speed from zero-to-full load.

can be directly connected to an AC power source

AC Motors Induction motor

An induction motor has two main electrical components as shown in the figure

Construction
Frame - Outer part of the body
To support the stator core & windings To protect the inner parts Serve as a ventilating housing

Stator core

Construction
The iron core has cylindrical shape and is laminated with slots. The iron core on the figure has paper liner insulation placed in some of the slots. In a three-phase motor, the three phase windings are placed in the slots.

Construction
Stator or primary or field winding - Stator winding is 3 ph winding supplied from 3 ph source. - 3 ph can be connected in either star or delta depending upon the method of starting

Stator and rotor magnetic circuit

AC Motors Induction motor

Rotor- Induction motors use two types of rotors: A squirrel-cage rotor consists of thick conducting bars embedded in parallel slots. These bars are shortcircuited at both ends by means of short-circuiting rings. A wound rotor has a three-phase, double-layer, distributed winding. It is wound for as many poles as the stator. The three phases are wired internally and the other ends are connected to slip-rings mounted on a shaft with brushes resting on them.

Squirrel cage rotor

Squirrel cage rotor consists of copper bars, slightly longer than the rotor, which are pushed into the slots. The ends are welded to copper end rings, so that all the bars are short circuited. In small motors, the bars and end-rings are die-cast in aluminum to form an integral block.

Squirrel cage rotor.

This rotor has a laminated iron core with slots, and is mounted on a shaft. Aluminum bars are molded in the slots and the bars are short circuited with two end rings. The bars are slanted on a small rotor to reduce audible noise. Fins are placed on the ring that shorts the bars. These fins work as a fan and improve cooling.

Squirrel cage rotor

wound rotor
Most motors use the squirrel-cage rotor because of the robust and maintenance-free construction. However, large, older motors use a wound rotor with three phase windings placed in the rotor slots. The windings are connected in a three-wire wye. The ends of the windings are connected to three slip rings. Resistors or power supplies are connected to the slip rings through brushes for reduction of starting current and speed control

wound rotor
The external resistors are mainly used during start-up under normal running conditions the windings short-circuited externally.

AC Motors Induction motor

Stator. The stator is made up of a number of stampings with slots to carry threephase windings. It is wound for a definite number of poles. The windings are geometrically spaced 120 degrees apart

Operating Principle

Operation Principle
The three-phase stator is supplied by balanced threephase voltage that drives an ac magnetizing current through each phase winding. The magnetizing current in each phase generates a pulsating ac flux. The flux amplitude varies sinusoidally and the direction of the flux is perpendicular to the phase winding. The total flux in the machine is the sum of the three fluxes.

 The summation of the three ac fluxes results in a rotating flux, which turns with constant speed and has constant amplitude.
The rotating flux induces a voltage in the short-circuited bars of the rotor. This voltage drives current through the bars. The induced voltage is proportional with the difference of motor and synchronous speed. Consequently the motor speed is less than the synchronous speed The interaction of the rotating flux and the rotor current generates a force that drives the motor. The force is proportional with the flux density and the rotor bar current

 The figure shows the three components of the magnetic field at a phase angle of 60. Each phase generates a magnetic field vector. The vector sum of the component vectors a, b, c gives the resulting rotating field vector rot, The amplitude is 1.5 times the individual phase vector amplitudes,and rot rotates with constant speed.

Induction motor-Points to be remembered

The speed of flux cutting is the difference between the magnetic field speed and the rotor speed. The two speeds can be calculated by using the radius at the rotor bar location and the rotational speed.

Induction motor-Points to be remembered

The voltage and current generation in the rotor bar require a speed difference between the rotating field and the rotor. Consequently, the rotor speed is always less than the magnetic field speed. The relative speed difference is the slip, which is calculated using

NS N s NS 120 f NS P

Induction Motors: Active Power Flow

Induction Motors: Active Power Flow

Torque/Speed Curve

Complete Torque-Speed Characteristics

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