OSI & TCP/IP Reference Model

Objectives
On completing this session, you will be able to:
Describe OSI Reference model Describe TCP/IP Reference Model

Standard for Networking

ISO
OSI Reference Model: (In OSI, all networking processes are divided into logical groups, called layers) TCP/IP Reference Model: (TCP/IP is a condensed version of OSI reference model) Protocols: (Four types) LAN Protocols WAN Protocols Routed Protocols Routing Protocols : : : : TCP/IP, SPX/IPX, AT HDLC, PPP IP, IPX RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS

OSI Reference Model - 7 Layers

7 ISO has defined the generic

Networking standard, called Open System Interconnect (OSI)

APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL

6 5 4 3 2 1

Role of Upper Layers

EXAMPLES
Application
User Interface

Telnet HTTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG Operating System/ Application Access Scheduling

Presentation

How data is presented Special processing such as encryption Keeping different applications data separate

Session

Transport Layer
Network Layer Data Link Physical

Role of Lower Layers

Application Presentation Session

EXAMPLES
Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit Provide logical addressing which routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables

Transport

TCP UDP SPX IP IPX 802.3 / 802.2 HDLC EIA/TIA232, V.35

Network

Data Link

Physical

Encapsulating Data
Application Presentation Upper Layer Data TCP Header Upper Layer Data Session Transport

PDU
Segment

IP Header Data

Network

Packet

LLC Header MAC Header

Data Data

FCS FCS

Data Link

Frame

0101110101001000010

Physical

Bits

De-encapsulating Data
Application Presentation Session Transport
He a TCP e PH I der

Upper Layer Data Upper Layer Data TCP+ Upper Layer Data IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data LLC Hdr+IP+TCP+Upper Layer Data

Network

r ade

Data Link

er e ad H LLC

Physical

C MA

r ade He

0101110101001000010

Domains
Broadcast Domain
A group of computers receiving broadcast frames initiated from any device within that group is known as a broadcast domain.

Collision Domain The network area in Ethernet over which frames collision
will be deducted. Collisions are propagated by hub & repeater and not by LAN Bridges, Switches and Routers.

Q1
1. Which OSI layer deals with error correction? A) Physical Layer B) Data Link Layer C) Network Layer D) Transport Layer

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Q2

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2. Which protocols belongs to the OSI transport layer? A) TCP B) UDP C) SPX D) All the above

Q3

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3. Which OSI layer converts frames into packets? A) Data Link Layer B) Network Layer C) Session Layer D) Physical Layer

TCP/IP Vs OSI reference model

OSI
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session 4 Transport Network Data Link Physical Transport Internet Data Link Physical 1 3 2 Application 5

TCP/IP

Application Layer Overview

File Transfer File Transfer - TFTP * - TFTP * - FTP * - FTP * - NFS - NFS E-Mail E-Mail - SMTP - SMTP Remote Login Remote Login - Telnet * - Telnet * - rlogin * - rlogin * Network Management Network Management - SNMP * - SNMP * Name Management Name Management - DNS* - DNS* *Used by the router

Application

Transport Internet Data Link Physical

Transport Layer Overview

Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

ConnectionOriented Connectionless

Internet Layer Overview

Internet Protocol (IP) Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

OSI network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet layer

TCP Segment Format

Bit 0 Source port (16) Bit 15 Bit 16 Destination port (16) Bit 31

Sequence number (32) Acknowledgement number (32)

Header Reserved (6) length (4) Code bits (6)

20 Bytes

Window (16) Urgent (16)

Checksum (16)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies)

TCP Three Way Handshake

Host A

Host B

Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN)

SYN received

SYN received

2 Send SYN, ACK (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

Established (seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)

IP Datagram
Bit 0 1 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

IP Version (4)

Header Length (4)

Priority & Type of Service (8)

Total Length (16) Flags (3) Fragment offset (13) Header checksum (16) 20 Bytes

Identification (16) Time to live (8) Protocol (8)

Source IP Address (32) Destination IP Address (32) Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies if any)

UDP Segment Format

Bit 0 1 Source port (16) Length (16)

Bit 15

Bit 16 Destination port (16) Checksum (16)

Bit 31 8 Bytes

Data (if any)

No sequence or acknowledgment fields

Internet Control Message Protocol

Application Transport Destination Unreachable Echo (Ping) Other

1
ICMP Internet Data Link Physical

Internet Control Message Protocol

ICMP
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) PING: ICMP echo request (Source to Destination) ICMP echo reply (Destination to source) Time Exceed Destination Unreachable: -- Network Unreachable -- Host Unreachable -- Port Unreachable -- Protocol Unreachable Dont Fragment & Trace route # ICMP Message: (Represents Symbols) !!!!! : Indicates successful delivery of all packets .!!!! : 1st Packet dropped (Lack of Synchronize) .. : All Packet lost ????? : Destination unknown m.m.m.m.m : Dont fragment u.u.u.u.u : Unreachable destination

LAN Protocol
TCP/IP, SPX/IPX, AT Default LAN protocols are vendor neutral standard and enable in all manufactures machine

WAN Protocol
Default WAN protocols : HDLC and PPP HDLC (High-Level Data Link connection ) Cisco proprietary default WAN protocol

CISCO

CISCO

PPP (Point-to-point) Industry standard default WAN protocols

Juniper

CISCO

Protocol Standard
Routed Protocols: IP, IPX User protocol carrying routing information when knowing the path Routing protocols: IGP (Interior Gateway routing protocol) RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS BGP (Border Gateway routing protocol) ibgp (Interior Border Gateway routing protocol) ebgp(Exterior Border Gateway routing protocol)

Q4

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4. Which is a connectionless protocol? A) IP B) TCP C) UDP D) DHCP

Q5

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5. What are the default WAN protocols ? A) TCP/IP B) HDLC & PPP C) RIP, EIGRP & OSPF D) All the above

Q6
6. Define ICMP message type for Destination unknown ? A) !!!!! B) m.m.m.m.m C) ????? D) u.u.u.u.u

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Q&A

Summary
In this session, you have learnt to:
OSI Reference model TCP/IP Reference Model

Quizzes & Assignments

The quizzes & Assignments related to this session are available on the learning portal.
OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Reference Model

Whats Coming Up
In the next session, you will learn about
Cables & types of cables Different types of Racks How to Crimping a cable Identification and marking of cables

Feedback
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