Understanding Lenses

Understanding Lenses
Lenses are made of __________ transparent material such as glass or clear plastics. They have two faces, of which at least curved one is ______

Types of lenses:
(a) ______ lens, also known as Convex thicker converging lens. It is ________ at the centre of the lens.

Biconvex

Plano convex

Converging meniscus

(b) ________ lens, also known as Concave thinner diverging lens. It is _________ at the centre of the lens.

Biconcave

Plano concave

Diverging meniscus

Focal Point and Focal Length of a lens (convex lens)

1. When light rays which are parallel and close to the principal axis inwards strikes on a convex lens, they are refracted ________ and converge to a focal point point, F on the principal axis. This point is a _____ _______ of the convex lens.

Focal Point and Focal Length of a lens (concave lens)

2. When light rays are parallel to the principal axis fall on a concave lens, outwards they are refracted ___________ and appear to diverge from the focal point, F, on the principal axis.

F f

3. The focal point, F is a point on the principal axis where all rays are close converge and parallel to the axis that _________ to it after passing through a convex diverge lens, or appear to ________ from it after passing through a concave lens. 4. The focal length, f is the distance between the focal point and the optical centre ____________________.

5. The optical centre, C is the geometric centre of the lens. It is the point deviation through which light rays pass through without __________.

6. The principal axis is the line passing through C and is _____________ to perpendicular the lens.

The power of the lens is equal to the reciprocal of its focal length in metres. The power of lens is related to its focal length by the expression: Power of lens =
1 f ( meter )

Diopter

convex Power for ___________ lens is positive, and power for _________ lens is negative. concave
1 f ( meter )

Example 1:

The focal length of a concave lens is given as 30 cm. What is the power of the lens?
Solution:

Power of lens =

1 f ( meter )

1 0 .3

= -3.33 D

Example 2:

The power of a lens is labeled as -10D. Name the type of the lens and determine the focal length of the lens.
Solution: Type of lens: Concave

1 Focal length = Power

=

1 10

= -0.1 m = - 10 cm

Complete the table below.

Power of the lens/ D +20

- 6.67

Focal length/ cm
5

-15
- 20

-5
5

+20

Images Formed by Lenses

Construction rules for image formed by Convex Lens
Rule 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted through the focal point, F Rule 2: A ray passing through the focal point is refracted parallel to the principal axis. Rule 3: A ray passing through the optical centre, C travels straight without bending.

The point of intersection is the position of the image. The images formed by a convex lens depend on the object distance, u.

Construction rules for image formed by Concave Lens

Rule 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted as if it appears coming from the focal point, F which is located at the same side of the incident ray. Rule 2: A ray passing through the focal point is refracted parallel to the principal axis. Rule 3: A ray passing through the optical centre, C travels straight without bending.

The point of intersection is the position of the image. The images formed by a concave lens are always virtual, upright and diminished.

A ______ image can be captured on a screen. real virtual A ______ image cannot be captured on a screen

Magnification, m
The size of an image formed by lens varies with the position of the object. The linear magnification, m is defined as:
Size of image, hi Size of object, ho m=

Image distance, v Object distance, u

hi ho

v u

The image is __________ if m > 1 magnified The image is __________ if m < 1 diminished the same as the object The image is ______________________ if m = 1

Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

(u = ) Characteristics of image:

Object at infinity

- Real
- Inverted - Diminished
F 2F F

- Position of image:
At F (v = f)

Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

Object beyond 2F (u > 2f) Characteristics of image: - Real - Inverted
F 2F F 2F

- Diminished - Position of image: Between F and 2F ( f < v < 2f)

Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

Object at 2F (u = 2f) Characteristics of image: - Real
2F 2F F F

- Inverted
- same size as the object (m=1) Position of image: At 2F ( v = 2f)

Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

Object between F and 2F (f < u < 2f) Characteristics of image: - Real - Inverted
2F F F 2F

- Magnified (m > 1) Position of image: Image beyond 2 F ( v > 2f)

Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

Object at F (u = f ) Characteristics of image: - Cannot be determined

Position of image: Image at infinity.

Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

Object Between F and C (u<f)

Characteristics of image: - virtual - erect/ Upright

F C F

- magnified Image on the same side of the object.

Characteristic of image formed by a concave lens

Object beyond 2F (u > 2f) Characteristics of image: - virtual - erect
2F F F

- diminished Image on the same side of the object.

Characteristic of image formed by a concave lens

Object between F and C (u<f) Characteristics of image: - virtual - erect - diminished Image on the same side of the object.

Example 1:

An object of 1 cm height is placed 30 cm in front of a convex lens. When a screen is placed at 60 cm at the opposite side of the lens, a sharp image is formed on it. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the positions of the object and the image. Use a scale of 1 cm to represent 10 cm in the horizontal axis. (b) Find the focal length of the convex lens. (c) Calculate the linear magnification of the image.

Example 2:

An object of 2 cm height is placed 60 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 40 cm. (a) Draw a ray diagram to locate the image. Use a scale of 1 cm to represent 10 cm in the horizontal axis. (b) Find the image distance and the magnification.

Relationship between u, v and f

The image distance, v changes with the object distance, u. How is the focal length of a lens related to the object distance, u and the image distance, v ? Carry out Hands-on Activity 5.9 on page 105 of the practical book.

Carry out Hands-on Activity 5.9 on page 105 of the practical book.

Lens Formula
The relationship between object distance, u image distance, v and focal length, f is given by the lens formula:

1 1 1 f u v
The lens formula may applied to convex lens and concave lens, provided that the real is positive convention sign is followed. Summary of the significance of the sign for the values of object distance, u, image distance, v and focal length, f is shown in the table below:

Sign
u v f

Positive value(+)
Real Real Convex lens

Negative value(-)
Virtual Virtual Concave lens

Problem solving involving lenses

Example 1: An object is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Calculate the image (a) distance, (b) the magnification. Solution: (a) Using
1 1 1 f u v
1 1 1 10 15 v

(b)

m=

v u

= =2

30 15

Image distance, v = 30 cm

Example 2: An object is placed 20 cm from a concave lens of focal length -15cm. (a) Calculate the image distance. (b) State the characteristics of the image formed. Solution:

(a) Using

1 1 1 f u v

1 1 1 15 20 v

Image distance, v = - 8.6 cm

(b) Virtual, upright, diminished

More exercises: 1. An object is placed in front of a convex lens with focal length of 10 cm. Find the characteristics, position and magnification of the image formed when the object distance is 15 cm. Answer: The image is real and inverted. Position: v = 30 cm m = 2 times

2. An object of height 6 cm is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a concave lens of focal length 10 cm. Calculate the position and size of the image. State the characteristics of the image formed.

Answer: v = -6.7 cm Size = 2 cm Characteristics: Virtual, upright, diminished.

3. A convex lens with focal length of 15 cm formed an image which is real, inverted and same size with the object. What is the object distance from the lens?

Answer: u = 30 cm

The Uses of Lenses in Optical Devices

Magnifying glass/ Simple microscope

1. It consists of a single ______ lens of ______ convex short focal length. 2. An object is placed at a position _____ less than _____ the focal length of the lens. 3. The image formed is _____________, _________ and ____________ magnified upright virtual 4. The magnifying power _________ if the focal length of the lens is shorter. increases 5. A sharper and larger image is seen at the near point of the eye. In general, the near point is taken as 25 cm.

Compound Microscope
1. It consists of two powerful _______ lenses convex of short focal lengths ( 5.0 cm 10.0 cm) 2. The lens which receives light rays from the objective object is called the _________ lens. The lens which is used for viewing the final eyepiece image is called the __________ lens. 3. The focal length of the objective lens is fo whereas the focal length of the eyepiece lens is fe. fo and 2fo 4. The object is placed at a distance between _________________ so that the real image formed is inverted ________ and ____ in front of the eyepiece lens. _______, magnified 5. The position of the eyepiece lens is adjusted until the position of the first less than image is ____ _____ fe from the eyepiece lens 6. The final image formed is ________, _________ and ________ inverted magnified virtual

Astronomical Telescope
objective 1. It consists of an _________ lens and an Objective lens Eyepiece lens eyepiece __________ lens.

2. The objective lens is used to receive

light rays from distant object. 3. The first image formed is at the focal point of the objective lens Fo. It is real inverted diminished _____, ________ and __________ 4. The first image now becomes the object

for the eyepiece lens 5. The __________ lens is adjusted so that the first image is situated at the focal point of eyepiece the eyepiece lens, Fe. 6. The final image formed is at _______. The telescope is said to be in normal infinity adjustment. 7. For normal adjustment of the telescope, the separation between the two lenses is fo + fe.

fo 8. The magnification of the telescope is given by: m = fe

Slide Projector
Concave mirror Condenser slide Projector lens Screen

image Lamp 1. It uses a ______ lens to form a ____, inverted and magnified image of the slide or film convex real ______ on a screen. f and 2f 2. The slide, being the _____, is placed between ________ from the projector lens object

3. The lamp is placed at the focal point of the ________ mirror to reflect all light from concave condenser the lamp back to the _________
4. The movable projector lens focuses a sharp, inverted and _________ image onto a _______ magnified screen. upright 5. The slide should be placed upside-down (inverted) in order to form an ________ image on the screen.

Camera
Focusing screw Film shutter Object Convex lens Diaphragm Image

1. The ______ lens is used to produce a real _______ and ___________ convex ____, inverted diminished image on a light sensitive film at the camera. 2. The __________ is used to adjust the size of the aperture, which control diaphragm the amount of light passing into the camera. shutter 3. The __________ speed is used to control the exposure time when taking photographs.

Text book: page 159 Mastery Practice 5.4 Challenge yourself (page 159 and 160)

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