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Evaluation Control
Workplace Hazards
Chemical
Physical Ergonomic Biological
Chemical Hazards
Irritants Asphyxiants CNS Agents Specific organ agents Genetic activity
Irritants
Respiratory Skin Eye
Irritants
Primary/Secondary
Reversible/Irreversible Sensitization
Asphyxiants
Simple Asphyxiants
Chemical Asphyxiants
N2 CO2 He CH4
CO HCN H2S
CNS Depressants
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Increased chain length enhances effect Addition of an alcohol group (i.e. ethanol) Addition of a halide group enhances the effect
Blood - Hemotoxic Liver Hepatotoxic Lungs Pulmonotoxic Kidneys Nephrotoxic Skin Dermatotoxic Nerves & Brain - Neurotoxic
Genetic Activity
Typically is irreversible
Causes cancer Carcinogen Causes chromosome damage Mutagen Causes birth defects Teratogen Causes damage to reproductive system Reproductive Hazard
Raw materials Intermediates formed Final products Disposal of used products Maintenance materials
They are defined in time weighted average, TWA, for most working conditions. Short Term Exposure Limits, STEL, for 15 minute exposure. Ceiling, C, for maximum allowable concentration.
American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established Threshold Limit Values, TLV.
Workplace Hazards
Chemical
Physical
Ergonomic Biological
Physical Hazards
Dusts and Fibers Noise Corrosives Temperature Extremes Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation
D > 0.5 micron does not reach lungs (but may ingest) 0.2 < D < 0.5 micron respirable and gets stuck in lungs D < 0.2 micron are exhaled
Noise Hazard
Sound level measurement
L = 10 * Log (I/I0)2 L = Sound intensity, decibels (dB) P = Sound pressure, rms (Pa) I0 = Reference sound pressure, rms (20 Pa)
Noise Control
Enclose equipment Enclose operator Slower rotational speed Intake/Exhaust mufflers Padded mountings
Corrosive Hazards
Usually concerned with the affect of corrosives on process equipment Concern for contact of workers with corrosives Usually involves necrosis, the death of local
tissue due to contact of agent
Temperature Extremes
Heat Stress
Cold Stress
Frostbite Hypothermia
Heat Stress
Bodys Energy Balance External Conditions
In a typical healthy individual the internal core body temperature may rise as much as 3C during heat stress
Cold Stress
Less Common in Industrial Situations
Cold climates Refrigerated space Wind chill Body core temperature is typically 37C Shivering when body Tc < 36C Lose Consciousness at Tc < 34C
Cold Stress
Ionizing Radiation
Physical damage to cells Possible genetic damage Types of Radiation
Alpha emitted from nuclei of radioactive particles Beta similar to but with more penetrating (~ 1 cm) X-ray produced from high speed electrons striking material Gamma originates from nucleus, produces burns Neutrons emitted from disintegration of isotopes, very penetrating
X-ray, Gamma
Neutrons
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Low frequency Microwaves Infrared ~ 3 m wavelength 3 m to 3 mm 3 mm to 750 nm
Visible light
750 nm to 400 nm
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation
UV-A
400 to 320 nm
UV-B
320 to 280 nm
UV-C
280 to 220 nm
Laser Light
Especially dangerous for eyes Retinal burns Corneal burns
Workplace Hazards
Chemical Physical
Ergonomic
Biological
Ergonomic Hazards
Physiological Hazards
Psychological Hazards
Ergonomic Hazards
Increasing emphasis due to repetitive nature of some industrial manufacturing jobs.
Also with more operators working at computers or workstations there are ergonomic concerns.
Workplace Hazards
Chemical Physical Ergonomic
Biological
Biological Hazards
Pathogenic organisms
Pathogenic organisms are typically not found in a chemical processing facility Possible biological hazards in an industrial setting
AIDS Hepatitis B
Biological Hazards
Industries with possible biological hazards