A

PAPER PRESENTATION
ON
 
 
 
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
 
BIO-DIESEL FROM JATROPHA OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR
C.IENGINES
 

B.SIVA PRASADA RAO S.SWATHIKUMAR

III/IV B.TECH III/IV B.TECH
sivaprasad258@gmail.com swathikumar.sravanams@gmail.com
 

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING
 
COLLEGE
 GUDLAVALLERU
 
1.INTRODUCTION
Imported of petroleum products constitutes a major drain on our
foreign exchange reserves,which involved a cost of approximately
Rs.90,000 crores/annum. Even 5% replacement of petroleum fuel by
bio-fuel can help India save Rs.4000 crores per year in foregin
exchange.
The degrading air qualities in our cities further warrant the
quest for alternate cleaner fuels.with the stock of fossil fuels
diminishing throughout the world and demand for energy based
comforts and mobility ever increasing,time is ripe that we strike a
balance between energy security and energy usage.
several sources of energy,especially for driving the
automotives are being developed and tested. This report presents
detailed information on biodiesel together with its emission
benefits.the prospect of biodiesel as an alternative to conventional
fuels like gasoline and diesel and the experience of other countries is
1.2 BIODIESEL-AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR FUTURE

1.2.1 What is Bio-diesel

A substitute for or an additive to diesel fuel that is derived from the
oils and fats of plants.
An alternative fuel that requires no engine modifications and
provides power similar to conventional diesel fuel.
A biodegradable transportation fuel that contributes no net carbon
dioxide or sulfur to the atmosphere,and is low in particulate
emissions.
A renewable,domestically produced liquid fuel that can help reduce
Indian dependence on foreign oil imports.
1.3 JATROPHA CURCAS
Various low value vegetable oils,which are not suitable for human
consumption, can be used for the purpose of production of bio-diesel .
Non-edible oils like
Jatropha,pongamia,argemone,mohua,castor,salvadora, etc. all can be
used for the production of bio-diesel.

1.3.1 Why Jatropha

 The plant is a small bush, grows fast and starts yielding from 2nd
year itself.
Highly adaptable to various agro climatic conditions. Can thrive
well even in adverse soil conditions,hot and dry ecosystem.
Wastelands with gravel/stones,undulated lends can also be utilized.
Can be a profitable in sub marginal dry lands.
Not browsed by cattle
1.3.2 What is Jatropha
Jatropha curcas is a bushy plant belonging to castor family,grows
about 3 to 5 m high.it is a tropical species thrives well in hot climatic
conditions.
It is a cross-pollinated crop and yield starts in 2nd year.productivity
stabilizes in 7-8 years. Economic life can be up to 40 years also if
cultured and maintained well.
It is propagated by seeds, can also be propagated vegetatively from
cuttings.

1.3.3 Potential of Jatropha

The jatropha plant is latin american in origin and is closely related to
the castor plant. It can grow is areas of low rainfall(250 mm per year
minimum,900-1,200 mm optimal) and is drought resistant and is not
browsed by animals.
Planting density-1,000 plants per Acre
Life span-50 years
Yield per Acre/year
Market price-the seed can be sold around Rs.5 to 6 per kg.

1.3.4 Limitations:
The plant has some limitations. It does not tolerate water logged and
marshy conditions. Hence, suitable lands only should be selected; also
innovative methods are needed to reduce the cost of cultivation.

1.4 The Process

Biodiesel can be produced through “ TRANSESTRIFICATION”;a
process that combines vegetable oils,animal fats, and/or micro algal oils
with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form fatty esters.Product
recovery is separated into phases which provides for easy removal of
glycerol,a valuable industrial by-product, in the first phase. The
remaining alcohol/ester mixture is then separated and the excess alcohol
is recycled.then the esters are sent to the clean-up or purifiaction process
    
Properties Values

Specific gravity 0.88

Viscosity @ 20 Ċ (centistokes) 7.5

Cetane Index 49
 
 
  Cold filter Plugging Point (Ċ) -12
 
  Net Heating Value 33,300
  (Kilojoules/Liter)
1.5.1 FACTS ABOUT BIO-DIESEL
Biodisel is the first and only alternative fuel to have a complete
evaluation of emission results.
Biodiesel is biodegradable.
Biodiesel is non-toxic(less toxic than table salt)
Biodiesel reduces air toxics by up to 90%.
Biodiesel is safer to handle than diesl or gasoline.
Reduces cancer-causing particulates by up to 94% compared to
petroleum diesel.
Biodiesel contains no sulfur and emits no sulfur dioxide,the primary
cause of acid rain.

1.5.2 Toxicity of Bio-diesel

Impacts on human health represent significant criteria as to the
Very mild human skin irritation. It is less than the irritation
produced by 4% soap and water solution.
It is biodegradable. It degrades at least 4 to 5 times faster then
conventional diesel fuel.
Biodiesel has a flash point of about 300 F well above
conventional diesel fuel.
Spills of biodiesel can decolorize any painted surface if left for
long.
There is no tendency for the mutagenicity of exchaust gas to
increase for a vehicle running on biodiesel.

1.6 CASE STUDY

1.6.1 Operation&performance Results
Horsepower,fuel economy and torque are similar to those of
conventional diesel fuel engines.
Improved lubricity.
No engine modification required when used in compression ignition
engines.
Range of vehicle akin to that of conventional diesel vehicles.

1.6.1.1 Performance
The variation of brake thermal output is shown in the graph for both
conventional diesel and bio diesel the brake thermal efficiency of
conventional diesel is 30.3% where as for bio diesel is 29% .the bio
diesel has lower viscosity and density than jatropha oil but higher than
conventional diesel.lower the viscosity results in improved
atomization,fuel vaporization and combustion.
the variation of volumetric efficiency with power is show in
the below graph the volumetric efficiency of bio diesel is lower than
convention diesel.
This is due to the higher temperature of the retained exhaust,which will
preheat the incoming fresh air and lowers volumetric efficiency.
Exhaust gas temperature of bio diesel is higher than
conventional diesel which is shown in the below graph. The maximum
exhaust temperature for conventional diesel is 402 c where as for bio-
diesel is 415 c
1.6.12 Exhaust Emissions:
The variation in smoke emission with power output is shown in
the below graph. The smoke level with diesel is 3.8 BSU at maximum
power.with bio-diesel the smoke level is found to be 4BSU
1.6.1.3 Combustions Parameters:
 
The variation of ignition delay is shown in the below graph. Biodiesel shows
longer ignition delay as compared to diesel due to low Cetane number. It is just 10▫ CA
for biodiesel which is due to the cooling effect produced due to methanol as it
vaporizes resulting in increased ignition delay. The higher viscosities, poor
atomization, mixture preparation with air are few reasons for ignition delay. The graph
shows the variation of peak pressure with brake power.
The combustion duration increases with rise in power output with all fuels due
to increase in quantity of fuel injected. It is comparatively higher than conventional
diesel. The increase in combustion duration of biodiesel is only due to the slow
combustion of the injected fuel.
 BRAKE POWER Vs SFC BRAKE POWER Vs Exhaust Gas Temp

240

1.8 230

1.6 220
1.4
210
1.2
SFC ( kg/kw -sec)

200 100%BD

T exhaust ('c)
1

0.8 190

0.6 180 100 % D

0.4
170
0.2

0 160
0 1.656 2.76 4.416
150
BRAKE POWER (KW)
0 1.656 2.76 4.416
100 D 100 Bd Brake Pow er (KW)

BRAKE POWER Vs BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY B R A K E P O W E R Vs A I R F U E L R A T I O

18
50
16
45
14 100% BD
B R A K E .T H E R M. E F F (%)

12 40
100% d
A I RF UEL RA T I O
10
35
8

6 30

4 25
2
20
0
0 1.656 2.76 4.416
0 1.656 2.76 4.416
B R A K E P O W E R (KW) B R A K E P O W E R (KW)

100%BD 100 % D
 CARBONDIOXIDE EM ISSIONS OXYGEN(%)

5.8
13.5

5.6
13
5.4
12.5
5.2 100% D 100% BD
100% D 100% BD

CO (ppm) COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY (%)

420 83

400 82.5

380 82

360 81.5
100% D 100% BD 100% D 100% BD
.7 ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

he benefits of biodiesel are:

The lifecycle production and use of biodiesel produces approximately 80% less
carbon dioxide emissions, and almost 100% less sulphur dioxide. Biodiesel further
provides significant reductions in particulates and carbon monoxide than
conventional diesel fuel.

Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel that runs in any conventional, unmodified
diesel engine.

Needs no change in refueling infrastructures and spare part inventories.

Maintains the payload capacity and range of conventional diesel engines.

Diesel skilled mechanics can easily attend to biodiesel engines.

100% domestic fuel.

1.8 DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
 
Some of the disadvantages of biodiesel are:
o Quality of biodiesel depends on the blend thus quality can be tampered.
o There may be problems of winter operatibility.
o Spills of biodiesel can decolorize any painted surface if left for long.
o Neat biodiesel demands compatible elastomers (hoses, gaskets, etc.)
o Biodiesel has excellent solvent properties. Any deposits in the filters and in the
delivery systems may be dissolved by biodiesel and result in need for replacement of
the filters.
1.9 CONCLUSION:
 
Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to have fully completed the health effects
testing requirements of the Clean Air Act. The use of biodiesel in conventional
diesel engine results in substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and particulate matter compared to emissions from diesel fuel. The
estimated increase of demand for diesel from the 2001-02 level of 38.815 Million
tons to 52.324 Million tons is supposed to 66.095 million tons in 2006-7 which
shows a massive hike of 34% to 70% respectively over 2001-02 level in physical
terms which will lead to increase of crude oil import. . The Indian Administration is
now taking up cultivation of Jatropha Curcas in many sites of the country,
especially due to its use for the fuel manufacture. So there is a bright future for this
alternative fuel.

Reference
www.en..wikipedia.org
www.woodmac.com