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Pathophysiology of skeletal

System
Anatomy & Physiology

Osteoporosis
Osteomyelitis
Osteoarthitis
Infectious Arthritis
Gout
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis
is an infection of bone or bone
marrow, usually caused by
pyogenic bacteria or
mycobacteria . It can be usefully
subclassified on the basis of the
causative organism, the route,
duration and anatomic location
of the infection.
Defect of tibia, caused by septic
osteomyelitis in childhood, with
compensatory thickening of the
fibula (right). The normal bones are
shown at left.
Causes
Staphylococcus aureus is the organism
most commonly isolated from all forms of
osteomyelitis.
Treatment
Osteomyelitis often requires
prolonged antibiotic therapy, with a
course lasting a matter of weeks or
months. A PICC line or central venous
catheter is often placed for this
purpose. Osteomyelitis also may
require surgical debridement.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis
(OA, also known as degenerative
arthritis, degenerative joint disease),
is a clinical syndrome in which low-
grade inflammation results in pain in
the joints.
Types of OA
Primary
This type of OA is a chronic
degenerative disorder related to but
not caused by aging, as there are
people well into their nineties who
have no clinical or functional signs of
the disease.
Secondary:
This type of OA is caused by other
factors or diseases but the resulting
pathology is the same as for primary
OA .
Causes
Although it commonly arises from trauma,
osteoarthritis often affects multiple
members of the same family, suggesting
that there is hereditary susceptibility to
this condition. A number of studies have
shown that there is a greater prevalence
of the disease between siblings and
especially identical twins, indicating a
hereditary. Up to 60% of OA cases are
thought to result from genetic factors.
Researchers are also investigating the
possibility of allergies, infections, or fungi
as a cause
Treatment
Generally speaking, the process of
clinically detectable osteoarthritis is
irreversible, and typical treatment
consists of medication or other
interventions that can reduce the
pain of OA and thereby improve the
function of the joint.
Gout
Gout
(also called metabolic arthritis) is a
disease created by a buildup of uric
acid. In this condition, monosodium
urate or uric acid crystals are
deposited on the articular cartilage of
joints, tendons and surrounding
tissues due to elevated
concentrations of uric acid in the
bloodstream. This provokes an
inflammatory reaction of these
tissues.
Shows classic
location at
first MTP and
small erosion
with
"overhanging
" edge.
Notice that
the joint
space and
bone density
are
Cause
caused by too much uric acid in the
blood (hyperuricemia).
Hyperuricemia usually does no harm,
and most people with high levels of
uric acid in the blood never develop
gout. When uric acid levels in the
blood are too high, uric acid may
form crystals that accumulate in the
joints.
Signs and symptoms

Gout is characterized by
excruciating, sudden, unexpected,
burning pain, as well as swelling,
redness, warmth, and stiffness in the
affected joint. This occurs commonly
in men in their toes but can appear
in other parts of the body and affects
women as well.
Treatments and drugs
Treatment for gout usually involves
medications. What medications you
and your doctor choose will be based
on your current health and your own
preferences. Medications for gout
include:
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Colchicine
• Steroids
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
is a disease of bone that leads to an
increased risk of fracture. In
osteoporosis the bone mineral
density (BMD) is reduced, bone
microarchitecture is disrupted, and
the amount and variety of non-
collagenous proteins in bone is
altered.
.
Cause
The strength of your bones depends
on their size and density; bone
density depends in part on the
amount of calcium, phosphorus and
other minerals bones contain. When
your bones contain fewer minerals
than normal, they're less strong and
eventually lose their internal
supporting structure
Signs and symptoms
Osteoporosis itself has no specific
symptoms; its main consequence is
the increased risk of bone fractures.
Osteoporotic fractures are those that
occur in situations where healthy
people would not normally break a
bone; they are therefore regarded as
fragility fractures. Typical fragility
fractures occur in the vertebral
column, rib, hip and wrist.
Treatments and drugs
The primary goal of treatment of
osteoporosis
is to reduce the risk of pathologic
fractures.The
three mainstays of treatment are:
• Weight-bearing exercise
Exercise is an important treatment for

osteoporosis to maintain healthy bones.


• Nutrition supplementation
Calcium supplementation is an
• Medications
There are several available
medications used
for osteoporosis treatment. These
include:
Bisphosphanates (Fosamax)
Calcitonin (Miacalcin)
Raloxifene
Estrogen
Infectious arthritis
Infectious arthritis
is a form of joint inflammation
caused by a germ. The germ can be
a bacterium, a virus or a fungus.
Infection of the joints usually occurs
after a previous infection elsewhere
in the body.
Symptoms
infectious arthritis vary according to the
type of germ causing it. If the arthritis is
caused by a bacterium, inflammation is
generally located in only one place or
area. The infection is often accompanied
by fever and chills and its onset is quite
sudden. With infectious arthritis caused by
a virus, there is usually no fever, but there
is an aching feeling all over the body.
Inflammation caused by a fungal infection
can be in one area or throughout the body,
and it usually occurs very slowly, over
weeks or months. You may have a mild
Treatment
Infectious arthritis usually requires
several days of treatment in a
hospital, with follow-up medication
and physical therapy lasting several
weeks or months.
The end…

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