Presentation On Antennas.

Antennas
A good antenna works A bad antenna is a waste of time & money Antenna systems can be very inexpensive and simple They can also be very, very expensive

HEIGHT OF ANTENNA
The height of the antenna required for transmission and reception of radio waves in radio transmission is a function of wavelength of the frequency used. The minimum height of the antenna is given as .4/This wavelength is given as c/f.

Where c is the velocity of light and f is the frequency.

Height of antenna
At low frequencies wavelength is very high and hence the antenna height. For example, consider the baseband signal with f= 15 kHz. Height of antenna = 5000 meters This 5000 meters height of a vertical antenna is unthinkable and unpracticable. On the other hand, if we consider a modulated signal with 1 MHz frequency in the broadcast band the height of antenna is given as

Height of antenna = c / f*4

= 75 meters
This height of antenna is practical and such antenna can be installed

Antenna Considerations
The space available for an antenna The proximity to neighbours The operating frequencies we will use The output power Money

Antenna Types
High Frequency 1.6 - 30 Mhz + 50 Mhz 160 - 6 metres An antennas size/length depends on the frequency Its functionality largely depends on the height above ground, as well as the polarity and its configuration

Types of Antennas
Simple wire Dipole Folded dipole Trap dipole Offset or Windom antenna Phased dipoles Vertical or horizontal (both) Beverage wave antenna

Types of Antennas
Metal Vertical Yagi Trap Yagi Phased arrays Loops Vertical or Horizontal Horns for super ultra high frequencies Mobile antennas

Antenna Polarization
Vertical or horizontal
Electrical vs Magnetic radiation (Diagram) Vertical waves travel @ 90 to the earths surface Horizontal waves travel parallel to the earths surface Usually wire antennas are horizontal but an inverted V dipole has a vertical component Yagi type antennas can be either vertical or horizontal Circular antennas can be both Usually, horizontally polarized antennas hear less noise

Isotropic Antenna
The isotropic antenna is a hypothetical point source. It does not exist in reality but is considered as an important starting point considering different antennas from the theoretical to the practical The pattern is a Cardioid - a donut shape or a sphere
Dipole Radiation Pattern

Polarization - Practical
Antennas radiating a vertical polarization are best received by an antenna of like polarization Cross polarization reduces reception by as much as 30 db Bouncing DX signals probably have both polarizations

Designing antenna polarization usually depends on the frequency being used - at 70 cm in th eUHF band the elements are very short so either polarization is possible. Usually vertical is used as repeaters are vertically polarized.

Resonance
Antenna length is dependant on frequency

The lower the frequency the longer the antenna elements

Examples 80 metres 40 10 6 2

3.750 Mhz 7.055 28.5 52 145

124 ft 66 16.4 9 3.2

Wavelength vs Physical Length

The speed of a radio wave: is the same as the speed of light

The velocity of propagation of radio frequency energy in free space is: 300 000 kilometres per second
If an antenna is made longer, what happens to its resonant frequency? It decreases If an antenna is made shorter, what happens to its resonant frequency? It increases The resonant frequency of an antenna may be increased by: shortening the radiating element

Wavelength vs Physical Length

To lower the resonant frequency of an antenna, the operator should: lengthen it
Adding a series inductance to an antenna would: decrease the resonant frequency

Wavelength vs Physical Length

The wavelength for a frequency of 25 MHz is: 12 metres (39.4 ft) The wavelength corresponding to a frequency of 2 MHz is: 150 m (492 ft) At the end of suspended antenna wire, insulators are used. These act to: limit the electrical length of the antenna

One solution to multi-band operation with a shortened radiator is the "trap dipole" or trap vertical. These "traps" are actually: a coil and capacitor in parallel

Presented by Prerna Jha 090103163 ECE C