DIGITAL FM RECEIVER

S.KARTHIK D.E.E.E.,D.I.S.,B.E.
Aim Of the Project

 To develop a Digital FM receiver using

VHDL.
 To optimize the design of PLL and
NCOs.
 To minimize the gate count and area.
 Introduction

 FM signals can be demodulated using

various techniques such as, Differentiator
and Envelope Detector, Zero Crossing
Detector, Phase Lock Loop (PLL).

 The design of the Digital FM Receiver

circuit in this project uses Phase Locked
Loop (PLL) as the main core.
 PLL
 PLL demodulators are widely used in
today’s communication systems
because of their superior performance,
ease of alignment, and ease of
implementation using inexpensive
integrated circuits.

 If PLL is locked to a FM signal, the

VCO tracks the instantaneous frequency
of the input signal.
 Working Principle
 Frequency modulated input signal is
assumed as a series of numerical values
(digital signal) via 8-bit of analog to digital
conversion (ADC) circuit.

 The FM Receiver gets the 8 bit signal every

clock cycle and outputs the demodulated
signal.
 Architecture Description
 The system of Digital FM Receiver consists of a
digital PLL cascaded with digital low pass filter.
 The important blocks in the Digital FM receiver
are,
Phase detector.
A Low pass filter.
An Error amplifier.
A VCO/ NCO.
Block Diagram
 Phase Detector

 Phase detector compares the phase and

frequency of the incoming signal to that of
the output of the VCO/NCO.
 If the two signals differ in frequency an
error voltage is generated.
 It is basically a multiplier.
 Loop Filter

 Loop filter will remove the high frequency

component.
 The difference frequency component is
amplified and then applied as control
voltage to the VCO.
 VCO
 A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is
an electronic oscillator designed to be
controlled in oscillation frequency by a
voltage input.
 It is a free running oscillator and operates at
a set of frequency.
 It can be shifted to either side by applying a
DC control voltage.
 NCO
 A numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) or
digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) is an
electronic system for synthesizing a range of
frequencies.
 DCOs have been used as cheap replacements for
VCOs.

 Numerical Controlled Oscillator (NCO) will take the

corrective error voltage, and then shift its output
frequency from its free-running value to the input
signal frequency and thus keep the PLL in lock.
 Merits

 NCOs are phase continuous and are better

than VCOs.
 Since the NCO is highly linear, it is
possible to realize high linear FM
demodulators.
 Applications

 With the advanced technology, FM

detectors using PLL are widely used in
various FM communication systems.
Design Flow
 HDL to be used

VHDL-93(IEEE Std. 1076-1993) or

VERILOG(IEEE Std. 1364).
 FPGA to be used

 ALTERA CYCLONE II. (or)

 XILINX SPARTAN II XC2S200.
Works done

 Collected related materials.

 Attended ALTERA demo.
Future works
 Algorithmic Survey.
 To optimized the multiplication operation
used in the phase detector component.
 Develop HDL coding.
 Functional simulation and logic verification.
 Synthesis.
 Implementation on FPGA.
 Backend if possible.
 References

 Michel. C. Jeruchim- Simulation Of

Communication Systems Modeling,
Methodology and Techniques.
 Simon Haykin – Communication Systems.
 D. Roy Choudhury – Linear Integrated Circuits.
Suggestions, if any?
Thank u for Ur suggestions