whot is inf/ommotion?

lnflammaLlon ls an lmmune sysLem response Lo

proLecL Lhe body from lnfecLlon lnflammaLlon
occurs when whlLe blood cells mlgraLe ouL of
blood vessels lnLo Lhe lnfecLed area where Lhey
acL as phagocyLes (desLroyers of forelgn maLLer)
WlLhouL lnflammaLlon wounds and lnfecLlons
would never heal
lnflammaLlon progresses Lhrough four sLages
8edness
PeaL
Swelllngdue Lo Lhe lncreased amounL of
blood and proLelns LhaL are presenL
alndue Lo Lhe expanslon of Llssues causlng
mechanlcal pressure on nerve cells and also
due Lo Lhe presence of paln medlaLors
W Causes
urns
1oxlns
lnfecLlon by paLhogens
hyslcal ln[ury blunL or peneLraLlng
lmmune reacLlons due Lo hypersenslLlvlLy
lorelgn bodles lncludlng spllnLers dlrL and debrls
1rauma
@s of lnf/ommotion
W 1here are Lwo baslc Lypes of lnflammaLlon
ntshorL duraLlon whlch could be anyLhlng
from a few mlnuLes Lo a few days
hroninlong lasLlng lL may perslsL for weeks
monLhs or even years Chronlc lnflammaLlon
may be broughL on by ocote loflommotloo or
lL may be Lhe resulL of an auLo lmmune
dlsease
W 1he process of acuLe lnflammaLlon ls lnlLlaLed by
cells already presenL ln all Llssues malnly resldenL
acrophages dendr|t|c cells h|st|ocytes kupffer
cells and astocytes
W 1hese cells presenL on Lhelr surfaces cerLaln
recepLors named otteto tecoqoltloo tecetots
(88s) whlch recognlze molecules LhaL are
broadly shared by paLhogens buL dlsLlngulshable
from hosL molecules collecLlvely referred Lo as
otboqeoossocloteJ molecolot ottetos (AMs)
W AL Lhe onseL of an lnfecLlon burn or oLher
ln[urles Lhese cells undergo acLlvaLlon (one of
Lhelr 88s recognlze a AM) and release
lnflammaLory medlaLors responslble for Lhe
cllnlcal slgns of lnflammaLlon
W vasodllaLlon and lLs resulLlng lncreased blood flow
causes Lhe redness and lncreased heaL
W lncreased permeablllLy of Lhe blood vessels
resulLs ln an exudaLlon (leakage) of plasma
proLelns and fluld lnLo Lhe Llssue (edema) whlch
manlfesLs lLself as swelllng
W Some of Lhe released medlaLors such as
bradyklnln lncrease Lhe senslLlvlLy Lo paln
W 1he medlaLor molecules also alLer Lhe blood
vessels Lo permlL Lhe mlgraLlon of leukocyLes
malnly neuLrophlls ouLslde of Lhe blood
vessels (exLravasaLlon) lnLo Lhe Llssue
W 1he neuLrophlls mlgraLe along a chemoLacLlc
gradlenL creaLed by Lhe local cells Lo reach Lhe
slLe of ln[ury
W 1he loss of funcLlon ls probably Lhe resulL of a
neurologlcal reflex ln response Lo paln
udat|ve coponent
W 1he exoJotlve comooeot lnvolves Lhe movemenL of
plasma fluld conLalnlng lmporLanL proLelns such as
flbrln and lmmunoglobullns (anLlbodles) lnLo lnflamed
Llssue
W 1hls movemenL ls achleved vla Lhe chemlcally lnduced
dllaLlon and lncreased permeablllLy of blood vessel
whlch resulLs ln a neL loss of blood plasma
W 1he lncreased collecLlon of fluld lnLo Lhe Llssue causes lL
Lo swell (edema) 1hls exLravasaLed fluld ls funneled by
lymphaLlcs Lo Lhe reglonal lymph nodes flushlng
bacLerla along Lo sLarL Lhe recognlLlon and aLLack phase
of Lhe adapLlve lmmune sysLem sysLem
vascular changes
W AcuLe lnflammaLlon ls characLerlsed by marked
vascular changes lncludlng vasodllaLlon
lncreased permeablllLy and Lhe slowlng of blood
flow whlch are lnduced by Lhe acLlons of varlous
lnflammaLory medlaLors
W vasodllaLlon occurs flrsL aL Lhe arLerlole level
progresslng Lo Lhe caplllary level and brlngs
abouL a neL lncrease ln Lhe amounL of blood
presenL causlng Lhe redness and heaL of
lnflammaLlon
vascular changes
W lncreased permeablllLy of Lhe vessels resulLs ln
Lhe movemenL of plasma lnLo Lhe Llssues wlLh
resulLanL stosls due Lo Lhe lncrease ln Lhe
concenLraLlon of Lhe cells wlLhln blood a
condlLlon characLerlzed by enlarged vessels
packed wlLh cells SLasls allows leukocyLes Lo
marglnaLe (move) along Lhe endoLhellum a
process crlLlcal Lo Lhelr recrulLmenL lnLo Lhe
Llssues
lasma cascade sysLems
W 1he complemenL sysLem when acLlvaLed creaLes a
cascade of chemlcal reacLlons LhaL promoLes
opslnlzaLlon chemoLaxls and agglomeraLlon and
produces Lhe MAC
W 1he klnln sysLem generaLes proLelns capable of
susLalnlng vasodllaLlon and oLher physlcal
lnflammaLory effecLs
W 1he coagulaLlon sysLem or clottloq coscoJe whlch
forms a proLecLlve proLeln mesh over slLes of ln[ury
W 1he flbrlnolysls sysLem whlch acLs ln opposlLlon Lo Lhe
cooqolotloo system Lo counLerbalance cloLLlng and
generaLe several oLher lnflammaLory medlaLors
Ce||u|ar coponent
lnvolves leukocyLes whlch normally reslde ln blood
and musL move lnLo Lhe lnflamed Llssue vla
exttovosotloo Lo ald ln lnflammaLlon
Some acL as phagocyLes lngesLlng bacLerla vlruses
and cellular debrls CLhers release enzymaLlc granules
whlch damage paLhogenlc lnvaders
LeukocyLes also release lnflammaLory medlaLors whlch
develop and malnLaln Lhe lnflammaLory response
Cenerally speaklng acuLe lnflammaLlon ls medlaLed by
granulocyLes whlle chronlc lnflammaLlon ls medlaLed
by mononuclear cells such as monocyLes and
lymphocyLes
,orpho|og|c patterns
W Granu|oatous |nf|aat|on CharacLerlsed by Lhe
formaLlon of granulomas Lhey are Lhe resulL of a llmlLed
buL dlverse number of dlseases whlch lnclude among
oLhers Luberculosls leprosy sarcoldosls and syphllls
W |br|nous |nf|aat|on lnflammaLlon resulLlng ln a large
lncrease ln vascular permeablllLy allows flbrln Lo pass
Lhrough Lhe blood vessels lf an approprlaLe tocooqolotlve
sLlmulus ls presenL such as cancer cells a flbrlnous exudaLe
ls deposlLed Commonly seen ln serous cavlLles where Lhe
converslon of flbrlnous exudaLe lnLo a scar can occur
beLween serous membranes llmlLlng Lhelr funcLlon
,orpho|og|c patterns
W uru|ent |nf|aat|on 8esulLlng ln large amounL of pus
whlch conslsLs of neuLrophlls dead cells and fluld lnfecLlon
by pyogenlc bacLerla such as sLaphylococcl ls characLerlsLlc
of Lhls klnd of lnflammaLlon Large locallsed collecLlons of
pus enclosed by surroundlng Llssues are called abscesses
W erous |nf|aat|on CharacLerlsed by Lhe coplous effuslon
of nonvlscous serous fluld commonly produced by
mesoLhellal cells of serous membranes buL may be derlved
from blood plasma Skln bllsLers exempllfy Lhls paLLern of
lnflammaLlon
W D|cerat|ve |nf|aat|on lnflammaLlon occurrlng near an
eplLhellum can resulL ln Lhe necroLlc loss of Llssue from Lhe
surface exposlng lower layers 1he subsequenL excavaLlon
ln Lhe eplLhellum ls known as an ulcer
eso|ut|on of |nf|aat|on
1he lnflammaLory response musL be acLlvely
LermlnaLed when no longer needed Lo prevenL
unnecessary damage Lo Llssues
lallure Lo do so resulLs ln chronlc
lnflammaLlon and cellular desLrucLlon
8esoluLlon of lnflammaLlon occurs by
dlfferenL mechanlsms ln dlfferenL Llssues
Mechanlsms whlch serve Lo LermlnaLe
lnflammaLlon
W ShorL halfllfe of lnflammaLory medlaLors lo vlvo
W roducLlon and release of 1ransformlng growLh facLor (1Cl)
beLa from macrophages
W roducLlon and release of lnLerleukln 10 (lL10)
W roducLlon of anLllnflammaLory llpoxlns
W uownregulaLlon of prolnflammaLory molecules such as
leukoLrlenes
W upregulaLlon of anLllnflammaLory molecules such as Lhe
lnLerleukln 1 recepLor anLagonlsL or Lhe soluble Lumor
necrosls facLor recepLor(1nl8)
W ApopLosls of prolnflammaLory cells
W uesenslLlzaLlon of recepLors
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