10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

Overview of Course Handout

Text Book:

Barry B Brey, C R Sarma, The Intel Microprocessors .Pearson, Low Price Edition J P Misra, et.al., Lab Manual for Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing. EDD Notes.

Reference book:

Douglas V Hall, Microprocessor and Interfacing, TMH, Second Edition.

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

Objectives:

The course will provide knowledge to build and program microprocessor based systems.

Microprocessor architecture and programming Architecture of microprocessor based systems

Grading:

Three tests (open book), Comprehensive Exam (open + closed book), design assignment & viva

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

Microprocessor :
CPU on a single chip CPU consists of control unit, ALU and registers.

Microprocessor based system

-CPU

-Input
-Output

-Memory
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 4

What are microprocessor-based systems?

Microprocessor-based systems are electrical systems consisting of microprocessors, memories, I/O units, and other peripherals.

Microprocessors are the brains of the systems. Microprocessors access memories and other units through buses. The operations of microprocessors are controlled by instructions stored in memories Microprocessor
Control unit Datapath ALU Reg.

Bus

Memory

Output units

Input units
5

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

Evolution of Computers and Intel Microprocessors

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

Difference engine:

Polynomial evaluation by finite differences automatic tables engrave plates powered by a steam engine 15 digit numbers he never completed it

Babbage's Difference Engine

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 7

The Analytical Engine

Designed during the 1830s Parts remarkably similar to modernday computers. The "store" The "mill"
10-01-2011 ES C263 Punch cards. Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 8

Early punch cards

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 9

Aiken - 1940 Mark 1 - Electro mechanical computer

Paper tape stored data and program instructions

Paper tape stored data and program instructions

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

10

First Generation Vacuum tubes

1 ENIAC

1. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

2. Eckert and Mauchy of University of Pennsylvania

3. Trajectory tables for weapons

4. Started 1943 and Finished 1946 5. Too late for war effort Used until 1955
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 11

ENIAC features
1. Decimal (not binary)

2. 20 accumulators of 10 digits 3. Programmed manually by switches 4. 18,000 vacuum tubes

5. 30 tons
6. 15,000 square feet

7. 140 kW power consumption

10-01-2011 ES C263 8. 5,000 additions Microprocessor Programming per second and Interfacing 12

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 13

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

14

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and

15

ENIAC Rear view (note vacuum tubes).

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

16

2 IAS computer - Princeton University's Institute of Advanced Studies (1952)

1. Von Neumann - Stored Program concept Main memory storing both programs and data

2. ALU operating on binary data

3. Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing

4. Input and output equipment operated by control unit
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 17

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

18

The von Neumann model consists of five major components: (1) input unit; (2) output unit; (3) arithmetic logic unit; (4) memory unit; (5) control unit.

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

19

IAS Computer
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 20

IAS - details
1000 x 40 bit words
Binary number 2 x 20 bit instructions

Set of registers (storage in CPU)

Memory Buffer Register

Memory Address Register

Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter
10-01-2011

Accumulator

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

21

Commercial Computers
1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations IBM Punched-card processing equipment 701 is IBMs first stored program computer (1953) Scientific calculations
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 22

The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 23

The IBM 701 (1952) was IBM's first production computer. It was designed primarily for scientific calculation
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 24

Second Generation - Transistor

Transistor was Invented 1947 at Bell Labs William Shockley et al. Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device

Made from Silicon (Sand)

10-01-2011 ES Corporation (DEC) Digital EquipmentC263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 25

Third Generation - IC
From Magnetic Memory to Semiconductor Memory

120 dies, 109 good

26 dies, 15 good

1. IBM 360 - First family of Computers 1. PDP 8 by DEC - First Mini computer
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 26

Fourth generation - VLSI

1. 1. CPU in a chip - microprocessor Personal computers
1. IBM PC

2. Apple
3. commodore

1.

10-01-2011

Intel (integrated electronics) ES C263 Microprocessor Programming

and Interfacing

27

MITS Altair 8800 The Altair 8800, from Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) is considered by many to be the first mass produced personal computer, although they were called micro-computers in those days.

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

28

 The Altair 8800, the first PC

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

29

MITS Altair 8800

Announced: Price: CPU: RAM: Display: March 1975

US $395 as a kit US $495 assembled Intel 8080, 2.0 MHz 256 bytes, 64K max front panel LEDs

Controls: front panel switches

Expansion:card-cage with 16 card slots Storage: OS:
10-01-2011

external Cassette or CP/M, BASIC

8" floppy drive

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

30

IBM Personal Computer

Model: Price: 5150 US $3000

Released: September 1981

CPU:
RAM: Display: Storage: Ports: OS:

Intel 8088, 4.77MHz

16K, 640K max 80 X 24 text optional 160KB 5.25-inch disk drives cassette & keyboard only internal expansion slots IBM PC-DOS Version 1.0

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

31

 The original IBM Personal Computer (PC)

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

32

First microprocessor (1971)

4004

For Busicom calculator

Characteristics

10 m process 2300 transistors PMOS Technology 400 800 kHz 4-bit microprocessor 4KB Main Memory 45 instructions 50 KIPS 16-pin DIP package
ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 33

10-01-2011

8008

8-bit version of 4004 (1972)

Characteristics

10 m process 3500 transistors 500 800 kHz 8-bit word size 18-pin DIP package 16 KB main memory 48 instructions NMOS Technology
ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 34

10-01-2011

16-bit address bus (1974)

8080

Used in Altair computer

Characteristics

6 m process 4500 transistors

2 MHz
40-pin DIP package 8-bit microprocessor

64 KB main memory
48 instructions NMOS Technology

500Kinstructions/sec

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

35

3 m process 29k transistors 5-10 MHz 40-pin DIP package

10-01-2011

1.5 m process 134k ES C263 Microprocessor Programmingtransistors

and Interfacing

36

0.8-0.35 m process 3.2M transistors 60-300 MHz 296-pin PGA

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

38


10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

180 90 nm process 42-125M transistors 1.4-3.4 GHz 32-bit word size 478-pin PGA
39

Intel Core i7-975 processor Extreme Edition

Launch date: June 2009 3.33 GHz core speed Up to 3.6 GHz with Intel Turbo Boost Technology 4 cores and 8 processing threads with Intel Hyper-Threading Technology 8 MB Intel Smart Cache 3 Channels DDR3 1066 MHz memory 45nm manufacturing process technology
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 40

Intel Core i7-980X processor Extreme Edition

Launch Date: March 2010 3.33 GHz core speed Up to 3.6 GHz with Intel Turbo Boost Technology 6 cores and 12 processing threads with Intel Hyper-Threading Technology 12 MB Intel Smart Cache 3 Channels DDR3 1066 MHz memory 32nm manufacturing process technology
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 41

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

42

The Evolution of Microprocessors

Name 8080 Date 1974 Transistors 6,000 Clock speed 2MHz Data width 8 bits

8086
80286 80386 80486 Pentium Pentium II Pentium III Pentium 4

1978
1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

29,000
134,000 275,000 1,200,000 3,100,000 7,500,000 9,500,000 42,000,000

5MHz
6MHz 16MHz 25MHz 60MHz 233MHz 450 MHz 1.5 GHz

16 bits
16 bits 32 bits 32 bits 32 bits 64-bit bus 32 bits 64-bit bus 32 bits 64-bit bus 32 bits 64-bit bus

10-01-2011

ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing

43