Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions

Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations

Lesson 2-3 Slope
Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations
Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using
Scatter Plots
Lesson 2-6 Special Functions
Lesson 2-7 Graphing nequalities
Example 1 Domain and Range
Example 2 Vertical Line Test
Example 3 Graph s a Line
Example 4 Graph s a Curve
Example 5 Evaluate a Function
State the domain and range
of the reIation shown in the
graph. Is the reIation a
function?
The relation is (1, 2), (3, 3),
(0, 2), (4, 0), (3, 1)}.
nswer: The domain is
4, 3, 0, 1, 3}. The range
is 2, 0, 1, 2, 3}. Each member
of the domain is paired with exactly one member of the
range, so this relation is a function.
State the domain and range
of the reIation shown in the
graph. Is the reIation a
function?
nswer: The domain is
3, 0, 2, 3}. The range
is 2, 1, 0, 1}. Yes, the
relation is a function.
%ransportation %he tabIe
shows the average fueI
efficiency in miIes per
gaIIon for Iight trucks for
severaI years. Graph this
information and
determine whether it
represents a function.
Year
FueI Efficiency
(mi/gaI)
1995 20.5
1996 20.8
1997 20.6
1998 20.9
1999 20.5
2000 20.5
2001 20.4
Year
FueI Efficiency
(mi/gaI)
1995 20.5
1996 20.8
1997 20.6
1998 20.9
1999 20.5
2000 20.5
2001 20.4
Use the vertical line test. Notice that no vertical
line can be drawn that contains more than one
of the data points.
nswer: Yes, this relation is a function.
eaIth %he tabIe shows
the average weight of a
baby for severaI months
during the first year.
Graph this information
and determine whether it
represents a function.
ge
(months)
Weight
(pounds)
1 12.5
2 16
4 22
6 24
9 25
12 26
nswer:
Yes, this relation is a function.
2
1
0
1

Graph the reIation represented by
Make a table of values to find ordered pairs that satisfy the
equation. Choose values for and find the corresponding
values for .
5
2
1
4
Then graph the ordered pairs.
(1, 4)
(0, 1)
(1, 2)
(2, 5)
Find the domain and range.
Since can be any real number,
there is an infinite number of
ordered pairs that can be
graphed. All of them lie on the
line shown. Notice that every
real number is the -coordinate
of some point on the line. Also,
every real number is the
-coordinate of some point
on the line.
nswer: The domain and range are both all
real numbers.
(1, 4)
(0, 1)
(1, 2)
(2, 5)
etermine whether the reIation is a function.
This graph passes the vertical
line test. For each value, there
is exactly one value.
(1, 4)
(0, 1)
(1, 2)
(2, 5)
nswer: Yes, the equation
represents
a function.
a. Graph
b. Find the domain and range.
c. etermine whether the
reIation is a function.
nswer:
nswer: The domain and range
are both all real numbers.
nswer: Yes, the equation is a function.
1
2

0
1
2
Make a table. n this case, it is easier to choose values
and then find the corresponding values for .
2
1
2
5
(1, 0)
(2, 1)
(5, 2)
Graph the reIation represented by
5
(5, 2)
(2, 1)
Then sketch
the graph, connecting the points with a smooth curve.
Find the domain and range.
Every real number is the
-coordinate of some point on
the graph, so the range is all real
numbers. But, only real numbers
that are greater than or equal to
1 are -coordinates of points on
the graph.
(1, 0)
(2, 1)
(5, 2)
(5, 2)
(2, 1)
nswer: The domain is .
The range is all
real numbers.
You can see from the table and the vertical line test that
there are two values for each value except 1.
etermine whether the reIation is a function.
(1, 0)
(2, 1)
(5, 2)
(5, 2)
(2, 1)
1
2

0
1
2
2
1
2
5
5
nswer: The equation does not represent
a function.
a. Graph
b. Find the domain and range.
c. etermine whether the
reIation is a function.
nswer: The domain is
[ K 3}. The range
is all real numbers.
nswer:
nswer: No, the equation does not
represent a function.
Given , find
nswer:
Original function
Substitute.
Simplify.
Given find
Original
function
Substitute.
Multiply.
nswer:
Simplify.
Given , find
Original function
Substitute.
nswer:
Given and
find each vaIue.
a.
b.
c.
nswer: 6
nswer: 0.625
nswer:
Example 1 dentify Linear Functions
Example 2 Evaluate a Linear Function
Example 3 Standard Form
Example 4 Use ntercepts to Graph a Line
State whether is a Iinear function.
ExpIain.
nswer: This is a linear function because it is in the form
nswer: This is not a linear function because has an
exponent other than 1.
State whether is a Iinear function.
ExpIain.
State whether is a Iinear function.
ExpIain.
nswer: This is a linear function because it can be written
as
State whether each function is a Iinear function.
ExpIain.
a.
b.
c.
nswer: yes;
nswer: No; has an exponent
other than 1.
nswer: No; two variables are
multiplied together.
eteoroIogy %he Iinear function
can be used to find the number of degrees Fahrenheit,
1(), that are equivaIent to a given number of degrees
CeIsius, .
On the CeIsius scaIe, normaI body temperature is
37H. What is normaI body temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit?
Original function
Substitute.
Simplify.
nswer: Normal body temperature, in degrees
Fahrenheit, is 98.6HF.
%here are 100 CeIsius degrees between the freezing
and boiIing points of water and 180 Fahrenheit
degrees between these two points. ow many
Fahrenheit degrees equaI 1 CeIsius degree?
nswer: 1.8HF 1HC
Divide 180 Fahrenheit degrees by 100 Celsius degrees.
eteoroIogy %he Iinear function can be
used to find the distance /(8) in miIes from a storm,
based on the number of seconds 8 that it takes to
hear thunder after seeing Iightning.
a. f you hear thunder 10 seconds after seeing lightning,
how far away is the storm?
b. f the storm is 3 miles away, how long will it take to
hear thunder after seeing lightning?
nswer: 2 miles
nswer: 15 seconds
Write in standard form. Identify , , and .
Original equation
Subtract 3 from each side.
Multiply each side by 1so
that K 0.
nswer: and
Write in standard form. Identify , ,
and .
Original equation
Subtract 2 from each side.
Multiply each side by 3so that
the coefficients are all integers.
nswer: and
Write in standard form. Identify , ,
and .
Original equation
Subtract 4 from each side.
Divide each side by 2so that the
coefficients have a GCF of 1.
nswer: and
Write each equation in standard form. Identify , ,
and .
a.
b.
c.
nswer: and
nswer: and
nswer: and
Find the intercept and the intercept of the graph of
%hen graph the equation.
The -intercept is the value of when
The -intercept is 2. The graph crosses the
-axis at (2, 0).
Original equation
Substitute 0 for .
Add 4 to each side.
Divide each side by 2.
The -intercept is 4. The graph crosses the -axis at (0, 4).
Likewise, the -intercept is the value of when
Original equation
Substitute 0 for .
Add 4 to each side.
Use the ordered pairs to graph this equation.
nswer: The -intercept is 2, and the -intercept is 4.
(0, 4)
(2, 0)
Find the intercept and the intercept of the graph of
%hen graph the equation.
nswer: The -intercept is 2, and the -intercept is 6.
Example 1 Find Slope
Example 2 Use Slope to Graph a Line
Example 3 Rate of Change
Example 4 Parallel Lines
Example 5 Perpendicular Line
Find the sIope of the Iine that passes through (1, 3)
and (2, 3). %hen graph the Iine.
Slope formula
and
Simplify.
Graph the two ordered pairs and draw the line.
(1, 3)
Use the slope to check your
graph by selecting any point
on the line. Then go up 2 units
and right 1 unit or go down 2
units and left 1 unit. This point
should also be on the line.
nswer: The slope of the
line is 2.
(2, 3)
Find the sIope of the Iine that passes through (2, 3)
and (1, 5). %hen graph the Iine.
nswer: The slope of the
line is
Graph the Iine passing through (1, 3) with a sIope
of
Graph the ordered pair (1, 3).
Then, according to the slope,
go down 3 units and right 4
units. Plot the new point at
(5, 6).
(1, 3)
(5, 6)
Draw the line containing
the points.
Graph the Iine passing through (2, 5) with a sIope
of 3.
nswer:
Communication Refer to
the graph. Find the rate of
change of the number of
radio stations on the air in
the United States from 1990
to 1998.
Slope
formula
Substitute.
Simplify.
nswer: Between 1990 and 1998, the number of radio
stations on the air in the United States increased at an
average rate of 0.225(1000) or 225 stations per year.
Computers Refer to the
graph. Find the rate of
change of the number of
househoIds with computers
in the United States from
1984 to 1998.
nswer: The rate of change
is 2.9 million households
per year.
Graph the Iine through (1, 2) that is paraIIeI to the
Iine with the equation
The -intercept is 2 and the
-intercept is 2.
Use the intercepts to graph
The line rises 1 unit for every
1 unit it moves to the right, so
the slope is 1.
Now, use the slope and the
point at (1, 2) to graph the
line parallel to
(1, 2)
(2, 1)
Graph the Iine through (2, 3) that is paraIIeI to the
Iine with the equation
nswer:
Graph the Iine through (2, 1) that is perpendicuIar
to the Iine with the equation
The -intercept is or 1.5
and the -intercept is 1.
Use the intercepts to graph
2x 3y 3
The line rises 1 unit for every
1.5 units it moves to the right,
so the slope is or
2x 3y 3
Graph the Iine through (2, 1) that is perpendicuIar
to the Iine with the equation
The slope of the line
perpendicular is the opposite
reciprocal of or
Start at (2, 1) and go down
3 units and right 2 units.
(2, 1)
(4, 2)
Use this point and (2, 1) to
graph the line.
Graph the Iine through (3, 1) that is perpendicuIar
to the Iine with the equation
nswer:
Example 1 Write an Equation Given Slope and a Point
Example 2 Write an Equation Given Two Points
Example 3 Write an Equation for a Real-World Situation
Example 4 Write an Equation of a Perpendicular Line
Write an equation in sIopeintercept form for the Iine
that has a sIope of and passes through (5, 2).
Slope-intercept form
Simplify.
Add 3 to each side.
nswer: The -intercept is 1. So, the equation in
slope-intercept form is
Write an equation in sIopeintercept form for the Iine
that has a sIope of and passes through (3, 1).
nswer:
uItipIeChoice %est Item
What is an equation of the Iine through (2, 3)
and (3, 7)?

C
Read the %est Item
You are given the coordinates of two points on the line.
Notice that the answer choices are in slope-intercept form.
SoIve the %est Item
First, find the slope of the line.
Slope formula
Simplify.
The slope is 2. That eliminates choices
B and C.
Then use the point-slope formula to find an equation.
Point-slope form
you can use either
point for .
Distributive Property
nswer: D
Subtract 3 from each side.
nswer: C
uItipIeChoice %est Item
What is an equation of the Iine through (2, 5)
and (1, 3)?
C

SaIes s a parttime saIesperson, Jean Stock is paid
a daiIy saIary pIus commission. When her saIes are
$100, she makes $58. When her saIes are $300, she
makes $78.
Write a Iinear equation to
modeI this situation.
Let be her sales and let be
the amount of money she makes.
Use the points (100,58) and
(300,78) to make a graph to
represent the situation.
Slope formula
Simplify.
Now use the slope and either of the given points with the
point-slope form to write the equation.
Point-slope form
Distributive Property
Add 58to each side.
nswer: The slope-intercept form of the equation
is
The -intercept of the line is 48.
The -intercept represents the
money Jean would make if she
had no sales. Thus, $48 is her
daily salary.
nswer: Ms. Stock's daily salary is $48, and she makes
a 10% commission.
What are s. Stock's daiIy
saIary and commission rate?
The slope of the line is 0.1. Since
the slope is the coefficient of ,
which is her sales, she makes
10% commission.
ow much wouId Jean make in a day if her saIes
were $500?
Find the value of when
Use the equation you found
in Example 3a.
Replace with 500.
Simplify.
nswer: She would make $98 if her sales were $500.
SaIes %he student counciI is seIIing coupon books to
raise money for the umane Society. If the group
seIIs 200 books, they wiII receive $150 doIIars. If they
seII 500 books, they wiII make $375.
a. Write a linear equation to model this situation.
b. Find the percentage of the proceeds that the student
council receives.
c. f they sold 1000 books, how much money would
they receive to donate to the Humane Society?
nswer:
nswer: 75
nswer: $750
Write an equation for the Iine that passes through
(3, 2) and is perpendicuIar to the Iine whose
equation is
The slope of the given line is 5. Since the slopes of
perpendicular lines are opposite reciprocals, the slope
of the perpendicular line is
Use the point-slope form and the ordered pair (3, 2)
to write the equation.
Point-slope form
Distributive Property
Subtract 2 from each side.
nswer: An equation of the line is
Write an equation for the Iine that passes through
(3, 5) and is perpendicuIar to the Iine whose
equation is
nswer:
Example 1 Draw a Scatter Plot
Example 2 Find and Use a Prediction Equation
Education %he tabIe beIow shows the approximate
percent of students who sent appIications to two
coIIeges in various years since 1985. ake a scatter
pIot of the data.
13 14 15 15 18 20 !ercent
15 12 9 6 3 0
Years Since
1985
Source: &$ News & World Report
Graph the data as ordered pairs,
with the number of years since 1985
on the horizontal axis and the
percentage on the vertical axis.
Safety %he tabIe beIow shows
the approximate percent of
drivers who wear seat beIts in
various years since 1994. ake
a scatter pIot of the data.
3 1 68 69 64 61 58 5 !ercent
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Years Since
1994
Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Education %he tabIe and scatter pIot beIow show
the approximate percent of students who sent
appIications to two coIIeges in various years
since 1985.
raw a Iine of fit for the data. ow
weII does the Iine fit the data?
13 14 15 15 18 20 !ercent
15 12 9 6 3 0
Years Since
1985
Source: &$ News & World Report
The points (3, 18) and (15, 13)
appear to represent the data well.
Draw a line through these two points.
Education %he tabIe and scatter pIot beIow show
the approximate percent of students who sent
appIications to two coIIeges in various years
since 1985.
raw a Iine of fit for the data. ow
weII does the Iine fit the data?
13 14 15 15 18 20 !ercent
15 12 9 6 3 0
Years Since
1985
Source: &$ News & World Report
nswer: Except for (6, 15), this
line fits the data fairly well.
Find a prediction equation. What do the sIope and
intercept indicate?
Find an equation of the line through (3, 18) and (15, 13).
Begin by finding the slope.
Slope formula
Substitute.
Simplify.
Point-slope form
Distributive Property
Add 18 to each side.
nswer: One prediction equation is
The slope indicates that the percent of students sending
applications to two colleges is falling at about 0.4% each
year. The -intercept indicates that the percent in 1985
should have been about 19%.
!redict the percent in 2010.
The year 2010 is 25 years after 1985, so use the
prediction equation to find the value of when
Prediction equation
Simplify.
nswer: The model predicts that the percent in 2010
should be about 9%.
ow accurate is this prediction?
nswer: The fit is only approximate, so the prediction
may not be very accurate.
Safety %he tabIe and scatter pIot
show the approximate percent of
drivers who wear seat beIts in
various years since 1994.
a. Draw a line of fit for the data.
How well does the line fit the data?
3 1 68 69 64 61 58 5 !ercent
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Years Since
1994
Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
nswer: Except for (4, 69), this
line fits the data very well.
b. Find a prediction equation. What do the slope and
-intercept indicate?
nswer: Using (1, 58) and (7, 73), an equation is
2.5 55.5. The slope indicates that the percent of
drivers wearing seatbelts is increasing at a rate of 2.5%
each year. The -intercept indicates that, according to the
trend of the rest of the data, the percent of drivers who
wore seatbelts in 1994 was about 56%.
c. Predict the percent of drivers who will be wearing
seat belts in 2005.
d. How accurate is the prediction?
nswer: 83
nswer: Except for the outlier, the line fits the data very
well, so the predicted value should be fairly accurate.
Example 1 Step Function
Example 2 Constant Function
Example 3 Absolute Value Functions
Example 4 Piecewise Function
Example 5 dentify Functions
!sychoIogy One psychoIogist charges for
counseIing sessions at the rate of $85 per hour or
any fraction thereof. raw a graph that represents
this soIution.
ExpIore The total charge must be a multiple of $85,
so the graph will be the graph of a step
function.
!Ian f the session is greater than 0 hours, but
less than or equal to 1 hour, the cost is
$85. f the time is greater than 1 hour, but
less than or equal to 2 hours, then the cost
is $170, and so on.
SoIve Use the pattern of times and costs to make a
table, where is the number of hours of the
session and () is the total cost. Then draw
the graph.
425
340
255
170
85

nswer:
Examine Since the psychologist rounds any fraction of
an hour up to the next whole number, each
segment on the graph has a circle at the left
endpoint and a dot at the right endpoint.
SaIes %he aiIy Grind charges $1.25 per pound of
meat or any fraction thereof. raw a graph that
represents this situation.
nswer:
Graph
For every value of The graph is a
horizontal line.
3

2 3
0 3
1 3
0.5 3
nswer:
Graph
nswer:
Graph and on the same
coordinate pIane. etermine the simiIarities and
differences in the two graphs.
Find several ordered pairs for each function.
[ 3[
0 3
1 2
2 1
3 0
4 1
5 2
[ 2[
4 2
3 1
2 0
1 1
0 2
1 3
Graph the points and connect them.
nswer:
The domain of both graphs
is all real numbers.
The range of both graphs
is
The graphs have the
same shape, but different
-intercepts.
The graph of () is the
graph of 1() translated
left 5 units.
Graph and on the same
coordinate pIane. etermine the simiIarities and
differences in the two graphs.
The domain of both graphs
is all real numbers.
The graphs have the same
shape, but different -intercepts.
The graph of () is the graph of 1 ()
translated up 5 units.
nswer:
The range of
is The range of
is
Step 1 Graph the linear function
for
Since 3 satisfies this
inequality, begin with a
closed circle at (3, 2).
Graph Identify the domain
and range.
Step 2 Graph the constant
function
Since does
not satisfy this
inequality, begin with an
open circle at (3, 1)
and draw a horizontal
ray to the right.
Graph Identify the domain
and range.
Graph Identify the domain
and range.
nswer: The function is defined
for all values of , so the domain
is all real numbers. The values
that are -coordinates of points
on the graph are all real numbers
less than or equal to 2, so the
range is
Graph Identify the domain
and range.
nswer: The domain is all real
numbers. The range
is
etermine whether the graph
represents a step function,
a constant function, an
absoIute vaIue function,
or a piecewise function.
nswer: Since this graph
consists of different
rays and segments,
it is a piecewise
function.
etermine whether the graph
represents a step function,
a constant function, an
absoIute vaIue function,
or a piecewise function.
nswer: Since this graph is
V-shaped, it is an
absolute value
function.
etermine whether each graph represents a step
function, a constant function, an absoIute vaIue
function, or a piecewise function.
a. b.
nswer: constant
function
nswer: absolute value
function
Example 1 Dashed Boundary
Example 2 Solid Boundary
Example 3 Absolute Value nequality
Graph
The boundary is the graph
of Since the
inequality symbol is <, the
boundary will be dashed.
Use the slope-intercept
form,
Graph
Test (0, 0).
Original
inequality
true
Shade the region that contains (0, 0).
Graph
nswer:
Education %he S% has two parts. One tutoring
company advertises that it speciaIizes in heIping
students who have a combined score on the S%
that is 900 or Iess.
Write an inequaIity to describe the combined scores
of students who are prospective tutoring cIients.
Let be the first part of the SAT and let be the
second part. Since the scores must be 900 or
less, use the A symbol.
The 2
nd
part are less than
1
st
part and together or equal to 900.
A 900
nswer:
Graph the inequaIity.
Since the inequality
symbol is A, the graph
of the related linear
equation
is solid. This is the
boundary of the inequality.
Graph the inequaIity.
Test (0, 0).
Original
inequality
true
Graph the inequaIity.
Shade the region that
contains (0, 0). Since the
variables cannot be
negative, shade only the
part in the first quadrant.
oes a student with a verbaI score of 480 and a math
score of 410 fit the tutoring company's guideIines?
The point (480, 410) is in
the shaded region, so it
satisfies the inequality.
nswer: Yes, this student fits the tutoring
company's guidelines.
CIass %rip %wo sociaI studies cIasses are going
on a fieId trip. %he teachers have asked for parent
voIunteers to aIso go on the trip as chaperones.
owever, there is onIy enough seating for 60 peopIe
on the bus.
a. Write an inequality to describe the number of
students and chaperones that can ride on the bus.
nswer:
b. Graph the inequality.
c. Can 45 students and 10 chaperones go on the trip?
nswer:
nswer: yes
Graph
Since the inequality
symbol is K, the graph
of the related equation
is solid.
Graph the equation.
Test (0, 0).
Original inequality
true
Shade the region that
contains (0, 0).
Graph
nswer: