Course Outline.

 CSE-103 Computer
Fundamental and Engineering
Workshop Practice.
 3 hours in a week, 3.00 Cr.
 Course Instructor

MD.ASHRAF UDDIN CHY.

Flight Lieutenant
CSE Department
MIST, Mirpur Cantt.
Chapter--01
Introducing Computer Systems.
Exploring Computers
and Their Uses .
 What is Computer.

A computer is a device that

accepts information and
manipulates it for some result
based on a program or sequence
of instructions on how the data is
to be processed.
Generation of Computers
 First Generation Computers
As time progressed, people
found they were using adding
machines to perform more and
more extremely tedious(dull)
calculations. Aiken, developed the
Mark I in 1944 to ease this
calculating burden.
 First Generation Computers
During World War II, researchers made more advances
to ease the burden of performing calculations. The
Defense Department needed an easier way to compute its
firing. So, J. Presper Eckert and William Mauchley at the
Moore School for Engineering of the University of
Pennsylvania found a solution for the Defense
Department's dilemma. In 1946, they developed the
ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
It filled a thirty by fifty-foot room and weighed thirty
tons. The computer had 18,000 vacuum tubes which were
used to perform calculations at a rate of 5,000 additions
per second. This is much faster than any human could
perform, but a great deal slower than the computers of
today.
 First Generation Computers

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchley built

the UNIVAC for use at the Census
Bureau. The UNIVAC used magnetic
tape to store input/output rather than
the punch tape which had been used in
the earlier machines. It was the first
computer commercially produced for
businesses
 Second Generation Computers
By using transistors in place of vacuum
tubes, manufacturers could produce more
reliable computers. Using transistors was
also less expensive than building a
computer with vacuum tubes. The
combination of smaller size, better
reliability, and lower cost made these
second generation computers very popular
with buyers. In 1956, using transistors,
researchers at Bell Laboratories in New
York built a computer called the
Leprechaun.
Second Generation Computer.

Americans did not use these new

smaller computers solely for
calculations. People soon found
that computers were very good at
data processing
 Third Generation Computer

In 1958, the first integrated circuit

was made. Scientists found a way to
reduce the size of transistors so they
could place hundreds of them on a
small silicon chip Using this new
technology, Digital Equipment Inc.
produced a minicomputer which they
sold for the price of fifteen thousand
dollars in 1962. Two years later, IBM
used chips in its 360 series
computers.
 Third Generation Computer.
At about this same time, the
concept of a programming
language was developed.
 1956, FORTRAN, the first
programming language, was
developed.
 Then in 1959, Grace Hopper
invented CO BOL.
Fourth Generation Computer.

In 1971 Intel created the first

microprocessor.The microprocessor was a
large-scale integrated circuit which
contained thousands of transistors. The
transistors on this one chip were capable
of performing all of the functions of a
computer's central processing unit. The
reduced size, reduced cost, and increased
speed of the microprocessor led to the
creation of the first personal computers.
Fourth Generation Computer.

In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

built the first Apple computer in a garage
in California.Then, in 1981, IBM
introduced its first personal computer.
The personal computer was such a
revolutionary concept and was expected to
have such an impact on society that in
1982, "Time" magazine dedicated its
annual "Man of the Year Issue" to the
computer.
 Types of Computers
Desktop Computer
Workstations
Notebook computers
Tablet Computers
Handheld Computers
Smart Phones
Mainframe Computer
Minicomputer
Super Computer
 Desktop Computer.

The computer is
designed to sit on (on
under) a desk or
table.
 Workstations.
A workstation is part of a
computer network and
generally would be
expected to have more than
a regular desktop PC of
most everything, like
memory, storage space, and
speed.
 Notebook/Laptop Computer.
A laptop computer, usually
called a notebook computer by
manufacturers, is a battery- or
AC-powered personal computer
generally smaller than a
briefcase that can easily be
transported and conveniently
used in temporary spaces such
as on trains and airplanes, in
libraries and at meetings.
 Tablet Computer.
With a Tablet PC you use an
electronic stylus(digital pen) to
write on the screen, just like
with a pen and paper, only your
words are in digital ink.
 Handheld Computer.
The market for the smallest PCs is expanding
rapidly. Software is becoming available for the
small types of PC like the palmtop (PPC) and
handheld (HPC). You may find simplified versions
of the major applications you use. One big
advantage for the newer programs is the ability to
link the small computers to your home or work
computer and coordinate the
 Smart Phone
A phone with a
microprocessor,
memory, screen and
built-in modem. The
smart phone combines
some of the capabilities
of a PC in a handset
device. Most of the
current models also
include a Web browser.
 Mainframe Computer.

The main frame is the

workhorse of the business
world. A main frame is the
heart of a network of
computers or terminals
which allows hundreds of
people to work at the same
time on the same data.
 Minicomputer.

The minicomputer has become

less important since the PC has
gotten so powerful on its own. In
fact, the ordinary new PC is
much more powerful than
minicomputers used to be.
Originally this size was
developed to handle specific
tasks, like engineering and CAD
calculations, that tended to tie up
the main frame.
 Super Computer.

The supercomputer is the

top of the mountain in
power and expense. These
are used for jobs that take
massive amounts of
calculating, like weather
forecasting, engineering
design and testing, serious
decryption, economic
forecasting, etc.
 Uses of Computer.
Communication
Business
Entertainment
Finance
Education
Health Care
Research
Looking inside the
Computer System
 The Parts of Computer System

Hardware
Software
Data
User
 Hardware
The physical components that computer
systems are comprised .
The computer H/W consists of
interconnected eleccctronic devices that
can use to control the computer’s
operation, input and output.
Monitor, disks, disk drives, keyboard,
modem, and printer etc.
 SOFTWARE
Software is the name given to programs
that are installed on your computer.
Software contains instructions that tell
your computer how to work.
word processing, database management,
games, etc.
 DATA

Data is any information in a form

suitable for use with a computer.
 Program

A pro gram i s a set of

inst ructi ons th at detai l a
task for the co mputer to
perfo rm.
 Users

People are the computer

operators, also known as users.
 The Information Processing Cycle

 Input
Processing
Output
Storage
 Input
Whatever goes into the computer.
Input can take a variety of forms,
from commands you enter from
the keyboard to data from
another computer or device. A
device that feeds data into a
computer, such as a keyboard or
mouse, is called an input device.
 Processing

It performs actions on the data,

based on instruction from
the user or a program.
 Storage

It stores the result permanently

on a disk, tape or some other kind
of storage medium.
 Essential Computer Hardware

Processor
Memory
Input and Output
Storage
 Microprocessor

A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In

the world of personal computer, the terms
microprocessor and CPU are used
interchangeably. Microprocessor is the
heart of all personal computers.
Microprocessors also control the logic of
almost all digital devices, from clock ratio
to fuel-injection system for automobiles.
 Microprocessor
Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:
Instruction Set: The set of instructions that the
microprocessor can execute.
Bandwith : The number of bits processed in a single
instruction.
Clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock
speed determines how many instructions per second the
processor can execute.
In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful
the CPU. For example, a 32 bit microprocessor that run
at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor
that runs at 25MHz.
 Motherboard
The main circuit board of a microcomputer.
The motherboard contains the connectors for
attaching additional boads. Typically, the
motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memoryy,
mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports,
expansion slots, and all the controllers required
to control standard peripheral devices, such as
the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive.
Collectively, all these chips that inside on the
motherboard are known as the motherboard's
chipset.
Motherboard is sometimes abbreviated as
mobo.
 Memory Devices

 RAM
ROM.
 RAM
Random access memory, a type of
computer memory that can be accessed
randomly.
There are two basic types of RAM:
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

 Static RAM (SRAM)

 RAM
The two types differ in the
technology they use to hold data,
dynamic RAM being the more common
type. Dynamic RAM needs to be
refreshed thousands of times per
second. Static RAM does not need to be
refreshed, which makes it faster; but it
is also more expensive than dynamic
RAM. Both types of RAM are volatile,
meaning that they lose their contents
when the power is turned off.
 RAM

For example, a computer with

8M RAM has approximately 8
million bytes of memory that
programs can use
 ROM

Read-only memory, computer memory

on which data has been prerecorded.
Once data has been written onto a ROM
chip, it cannot be removed and can only
be read.
Unlike RAM, ROM retains its contents
even when the computer is turned off.
ROM is referred to as being
nonvolatile.
 ROM

Most personal computers contain a

small amount of ROM that stores
critical programs such as the
program that boots the computer. In
addition, ROMs are used extensively
in calculators and peripheral devices
such as laser printers, whose fonts
are often stored in ROMs.
 INPUT DEVICE.

Any machine that feeds data into

a computer. For example, a
keyboard, mouse is an input
device .
 Output Device

Any machine capable of

representing information from a
computer. This includes display
screens, printers, plotters.
 Storage Devices
Distinction between Storage and
memory
There is more room in storage than in memory.
Contents are retained in storage when the computer is
turned off, whereas programs or the data in memory
disappear when you shut down the computer.
Storage device operate much slower than memory chips,
but storage is much cheaper than memory.
 Magnetic Storage
Magnetic storage and magnetic recording
are terms from engineering referring to
the storage of data on a magnetised
medium. Magnetic storage uses different
patterns of magnetization in a
magnetizable material to store data and is
a form of non-volatile memory. The
information is accessed using one or more
read/write heads. Magnetic storage media,
primarily hard disks, are widely used to
store computer data as well as audio and
 Optical Storage
Optical drives of all kinds
operate on the same principle
of detecting variations in the
optical properties of the
media surface. CD and DVD
drives detect changes in the
light intensity, All optical
storage systems work with
reflected light.
 Software

Computer instructions or data.

Anything that can be stored
electronically is software.
 Software
Software is often divided into two
categories:
• systems software : Includes the
operating system and all the utilities that
enable the computer to function.
• applications software : Includes
programs that do real work for users. For
example, word processors, spreadsheets,
and database management systems fall
under the category of applications
software.