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Crapler 25
Process and Project Hetr|cs
$||oe $er ro aooompany
$olruare En|neer|n. / Praor|r|oners /pproaon, 7/e
by Roger S. Pressman
SIides copyright 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 by Roger S. Pressman
For non-profit educational use only
May be reproduced ONLY for student use at the university level when used in conjunction
with Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, 7/e. Any other reproduction or use is
prohibited without the express written permission of the author.
All copyright information MUST appear if these slides are posted on a website for student
use.
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A 0ood Varager Veasures
5rocess 5rocess
measurement measurement
wral do We wral do We
use as a use as a
oas|s? oas|s?
s|ze? s|ze?
lurcl|or? lurcl|or?
5roject metr|cs 5roject metr|cs
5rocess metr|cs 5rocess metr|cs
5roduct 5roduct
5roduct metr|cs 5roduct metr|cs
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wry 0o we Veasure?
assess lre slalus ol ar orgo|rg projecl
lrac| polerl|a| r|s|s
urcover proo|er areas oelore lrey go 'cr|l|ca|,
adjusl Wor| l|oW or las|s,
eva|uale lre projecl lear's ao|||ly lo corlro|
qua||ly ol sollWare Wor| producls.
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Trese s||des are des|gred lo accorpary $olruare En|neer|n. / Praor|r|oners /pproaon, 7/e (Vc0raW-l||| 2009).
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Process Veasurererl
we reasure lre ell|cacy ol a sollWare process |rd|recl|y.
Tral |s, We der|ve a sel ol relr|cs oased or lre oulcores lral car
oe der|ved lror lre process.
0ulcores |rc|ude
reasures ol errors urcovered oelore re|ease ol lre sollWare
delecls de||vered lo ard reporled oy erd-users
Wor| producls de||vered (producl|v|ly)
rurar ellorl experded
ca|erdar l|re experded
scredu|e corlorrarce
olrer reasures.
we a|so der|ve process relr|cs oy reasur|rg lre craracler|sl|cs
ol spec|l|c sollWare erg|reer|rg las|s.
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Process Velr|cs 0u|de||res
use corror serse ard orgar|zal|ora| sers|l|v|ly Wrer |rlerprel|rg relr|cs
dala.
Prov|de regu|ar leedoac| lo lre |rd|v|dua|s ard lears Wro co||ecl reasures
ard relr|cs.
onr use merr|os ro appra|se |no|v|oua|s.
wor| W|lr pracl|l|orers ard lears lo sel c|ear goa|s ard relr|cs lral W||| oe
used lo acr|eve lrer.
ever use merr|os ro rnrearen |no|v|oua|s or reams.
Velr|cs dala lral |rd|cale a proo|er area srou|d rol oe cors|dered
'regal|ve. Trese dala are rere|y ar |rd|calor lor process |rprovererl.
0or'l oosess or a s|rg|e relr|c lo lre exc|us|or ol olrer |rporlarl relr|cs.

Trese s||des are des|gred lo accorpary $olruare En|neer|n. / Praor|r|oners /pproaon, 7/e (Vc0raW-l||| 2009).
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3ollWare Process lrprovererl
$P|
Process mode|
|m5rovement goa|s
Process metr|cs
Process |m5rovement
recommendat|ons
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Process Velr|cs
0ua||ly-re|aled
locus or qua||ly ol Wor| producls ard de||verao|es
Producl|v|ly-re|aled
Producl|or ol Wor|-producls re|aled lo ellorl experded
3lal|sl|ca| 30A dala
error calegor|zal|or & ara|ys|s
0elecl rerova| ell|c|ercy
propagal|or ol errors lror process acl|v|ly lo acl|v|ly
Reuse dala
Tre ruroer ol corporerls produced ard lre|r degree ol reusao|||ly
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Projecl Velr|cs
used lo r|r|r|ze lre deve|oprerl scredu|e oy ra||rg lre adjuslrerls
recessary lo avo|d de|ays ard r|l|gale polerl|a| proo|ers ard r|s|s
used lo assess producl qua||ly or ar orgo|rg oas|s ard, Wrer
recessary, rod|ly lre lecrr|ca| approacr lo |rprove qua||ly.
every projecl srou|d reasure:
|npursreasures ol lre resources (e.g., peop|e, loo|s) requ|red lo do lre
Wor|.
ourpursreasures ol lre de||verao|es or Wor| producls crealed dur|rg lre
sollWare erg|reer|rg process.
resu|rsreasures lral |rd|cale lre ellecl|veress ol lre de||verao|es.
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Typ|ca| Projecl Velr|cs
Ellorl/l|re per sollWare erg|reer|rg las|
Errors urcovered per rev|eW rour
3credu|ed vs. aclua| r||eslore dales
Crarges (ruroer) ard lre|r craracler|sl|cs
0|slr|oul|or ol ellorl or sollWare erg|reer|rg las|s
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Velr|cs 0u|de||res
use corror serse ard orgar|zal|ora| sers|l|v|ly Wrer |rlerprel|rg
relr|cs dala.
Prov|de regu|ar leedoac| lo lre |rd|v|dua|s ard lears Wro rave
Wor|ed lo co||ecl reasures ard relr|cs.
0or'l use relr|cs lo appra|se |rd|v|dua|s.
wor| W|lr pracl|l|orers ard lears lo sel c|ear goa|s ard relr|cs lral
W||| oe used lo acr|eve lrer.
Never use relr|cs lo lrrealer |rd|v|dua|s or lears.
Velr|cs dala lral |rd|cale a proo|er area srou|d rol oe cors|dered
'regal|ve. Trese dala are rere|y ar |rd|calor lor process
|rprovererl.
0or'l oosess or a s|rg|e relr|c lo lre exc|us|or ol olrer |rporlarl
relr|cs.
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Trese s||des are des|gred lo accorpary $olruare En|neer|n. / Praor|r|oners /pproaon, 7/e (Vc0raW-l||| 2009).
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Typ|ca| 3|ze-0r|erled Velr|cs
errors per KL0C (lrousard ||res ol code)
delecls per KL0C
S per L0C
pages ol docurerlal|or per KL0C
errors per persor-rorlr
errors per rev|eW rour
L0C per persor-rorlr
S per page ol docurerlal|or
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Typ|ca| Furcl|or-0r|erled Velr|cs
errors per FP (lrousard ||res ol code)
delecls per FP
S per FP
pages ol docurerlal|or per FP
FP per persor-rorlr
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Corpar|rg L0C ard FP
Programming LOC per Function point
Language avg. median Iow high
Ada 154 - 104 205
AssembIer 337 315 91 694
C 162 109 33 704
C++ 66 53 29 178
COBOL 77 77 14 400
Java 63 53 77 -
JavaScript 58 63 42 75
PerI 60 - - -
PL/1 78 67 22 263
PowerbuiIder 32 31 11 105
SAS 40 41 33 49
SmaIItaIk 26 19 10 55
SQL 40 37 7 110
VisuaI Basic 47 42 16 158
#e5resentat|ve va|ues deve|o5ed by 0$H
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wry 0pl lor FP?
Prograrr|rg |arguage |rdeperderl
used read||y courlao|e craracler|sl|cs lral are
delerr|red ear|y |r lre sollWare process
0oes rol 'pera||ze |rverl|ve (srorl) |rp|ererlal|ors
lral use leWer L0C lral olrer rore c|ursy vers|ors
Va|es |l eas|er lo reasure lre |rpacl ol reusao|e
corporerls
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0ojecl-0r|erled Velr|cs
Nuroer ol scerar|o scr|pls (use-cases)
Nuroer ol supporl c|asses (requ|red lo |rp|ererl lre
sysler oul are rol |rred|ale|y re|aled lo lre proo|er
dora|r)
Average ruroer ol supporl c|asses per |ey c|ass
(ara|ys|s c|ass)
Nuroer ol suosyslers (ar aggregal|or ol c|asses
lral supporl a lurcl|or lral |s v|s|o|e lo lre erd-user
ol a sysler)
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weoApp Projecl Velr|cs
Nuroer ol slal|c weo pages (lre erd-user ras ro corlro| over lre corlerl
d|sp|ayed or lre page)
Nuroer ol dyrar|c weo pages (erd-user acl|ors resu|l |r cuslor|zed
corlerl d|sp|ayed or lre page)
Nuroer ol |rlerra| page ||r|s (|rlerra| page ||r|s are po|rlers lral prov|de a
ryper||r| lo sore olrer weo page W|lr|r lre weoApp)
Nuroer ol pers|slerl dala oojecls
Nuroer ol exlerra| syslers |rlerlaced
Nuroer ol slal|c corlerl oojecls
Nuroer ol dyrar|c corlerl oojecls
Nuroer ol execulao|e lurcl|ors
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Veasur|rg 0ua||ly
Correclress lre degree lo Wr|cr a prograr operales
accord|rg lo spec|l|cal|or
Va|rla|rao|||lylre degree lo Wr|cr a prograr |s
arerao|e lo crarge
lrlegr|lylre degree lo Wr|cr a prograr |s |rperv|ous lo
ouls|de allac|
usao|||lylre degree lo Wr|cr a prograr |s easy lo use
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0elecl Rerova| Ell|c|ercy
where:
E is the number of errors found before
delivery of the software to the end-user
D is the number of defects found after
delivery.
# = |( + }
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3||des copyr|grl 2009 oy Roger Pressrar.
Velr|cs lor 3ra|| 0rgar|zal|ors
l|re (rours or days) e|apsed lror lre l|re a requesl |s rade url||
eva|ual|or |s corp|ele, r
queue
.
ellorl (persor-rours) lo perlorr lre eva|ual|or,
eva|
.
l|re (rours or days) e|apsed lror corp|el|or ol eva|ual|or lo
ass|grrerl ol crarge order lo persorre|, r
eva|
.
ellorl (persor-rours) requ|red lo ra|e lre crarge,
onane
.
l|re requ|red (rours or days) lo ra|e lre crarge, r
onane
.
errors urcovered dur|rg Wor| lo ra|e crarge, E
onane
.
delecls urcovered aller crarge |s re|eased lo lre cuslorer oase,

onane
.
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Eslao||sr|rg a Velr|cs Prograr
lderl|ly your ous|ress goa|s.
lderl|ly Wral you Warl lo |roW or |earr.
lderl|ly your suogoa|s.
lderl|ly lre erl|l|es ard allr|oules re|aled lo your suogoa|s.
Forra||ze your reasurererl goa|s.
lderl|ly quarl|l|ao|e quesl|ors ard lre re|aled |rd|calors lral you W||| use
lo re|p you acr|eve your reasurererl goa|s.
lderl|ly lre dala e|ererls lral you W||| co||ecl lo corslrucl lre |rd|calors
lral re|p arsWer your quesl|ors.
0el|re lre reasures lo oe used, ard ra|e lrese del|r|l|ors operal|ora|.
lderl|ly lre acl|ors lral you W||| la|e lo |rp|ererl lre reasures.
Prepare a p|ar lor |rp|ererl|rg lre reasures.