DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : S. SHIVAKUMAR.
Designation : Senior Lecturer.
Branch : ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.
Institute : GOVT. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS

SEC’BAD.
Year / Semester : III Semester.
Subject : Analog Communication.
Subject Code : EC – 305
Topic : Amplitude Modulation.
Duration : 50 Mts.
Sub Topic : Voltage measurement
EC . 305 . 20 to 21 in A.M signal. 1
OBJECTIVES

On completion of this topic, the student will be able to know

about

• Amplitude modulation

• Expression for AM

• Frequency spectrum of AM

• The measurement of voltages and modulation index in

A.M signal.
EC . 305 . 20 to 21 2
AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Definition:

Amplitude modulation (AM) is varying amplitude

of the carrier signal in accordance with
instantaneous voltage of modulating( information)
signal.

EC . 305 . 20 to 21 3
Expression for AM

The AM signal can be mathematically represented by

v = Ac (1 + m cos ωmt) cos ωct

This represents a carrier signal at frequency ‘ωc

whose amplitude is modulated by another modulating
signal with frequency ‘ωm ’

EC . 305 . 20 to 21 4
Expression for AM

v = Ac (1 + m cos ωmt) cos ωct

Where,
m = Am/Ac is the modulation index.
v = voltage of AM signal at an instant of time ‘t’.
Ac = Amplitude of carrier signal.

Am = Amplitude of modulating signal

EC . 305 . 20 to 21 5
Frequency Spectrum of AM

v = Ac (1 + m cos ωmt) cos ωct

To find the frequency spectrum of the AM signal the

above expression can be rewritten as
v(t) = Ac{cos ωct + m/2(cos(ωc + ωm)t + cos(ωc - ωm)t)}
The above expression shows that the frequency
spectrum consists of Three components with
frequencies ωc, ωc + ωm and ωc - ωm.

EC . 305 . 20 to 21 6
Frequency Spectrum of AM

amplitude
ωc - ωm ωc ωc + ωm frequency

The frequency spectrum ωc consists of 3 components

at frequencies, ωc + ωm and ωc - ωm.

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Frequency Spectrogram of AM

The spectrogram of an AM broadcast shows

its two sidebands (green) separated by the carrier signal (red).

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Voltage measurement in A.M signal

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Modulation index measurement

m = (Emax – Emin) / (Emax + Emin)

EC . 305 . 20 to 21 10
SUMMARY

We have discussed the following.

• Amplitude modulation

• Expression for AM

• Frequency spectrum of AM

• The measurement of voltages and modulation index in

A.M signal.

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 QUIZ
1. AM stands for

a) Angle modulation
b) Amplitude modulation
c) Frequency modulation
d) none of the above

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2. AM can be defined as

• Changing frequency of carrier in accordance with

instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal
• Changing phase of carrier in accordance with
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal
• Changing amplitude of carrier in accordance with
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal
• None of the above

EC . 305 . 20 to 21 13
3. AM is used in

• Radio broadcasting
• TV broadcasting
• communications
• All of above

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Frequently asked questions/ Assignments

1. Briefly explain the expression for instantaneous voltage

of an A.M signal.

2. Explain frequency spectrum of AM

3. How do you measure ‘m’ in an AM signal

EC . 305 . 20 to 21 15