DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

ANDHRA PRADESH.

Name : N.Ramanjaneyulu
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : ECE
Institute : G.P.W,HINDUPUR
Semester : Third
Subject : Analog communication
Sub-code : EC-305
Topic : Transmitters & Receivers
Duration : 50Mts
Sub Topic : Transmitters-FM Transmitter
Teaching Aids : PPTs,Diagrams
EC-305.42 1
Objectives:

Upon completion of this topic you will be able to know:

• The function of FM Transmitter

• Classification of FM Transmitters.

• Block diagram of PLL FM Transmitter.

• Various blocks in PLL FM Transmitter.

• Working principle of PLL FM Transmitter.

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Function of FM Transmitter:

• The frequency modulated signal can be generated by

direct method or indirect method.

• Frequency modulation requires the transmitter frequency

to be varied.

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Classification of FM Transmitters:

• Direct method of FM

• Indirect method of FM.

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Direct method:

• FM signals can be generated directly by varying the

frequency of the carrier oscillator.

• This type of transmitter is called a direct F.M transmitter

because the Modulation process converts the Audio
signal directly into an F.M signal.

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Block diagram of simple direct F.M transmitter:

Fig.1
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Types of direct methods:

• Frequency modulation using reactance tube.

• Frequency modulation using reactance FET.

• Frequency modulation using reactance BJT.

• Frequency modulation using varactor diode.

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PLL FM Transmitter:

• In this voltage controlled oscillator is used.

• Frequencies of VCOs are controlled by an external input

voltage.

• VCOs are used a part of phase locked loop(PLL).

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• .

fo=N
Ph Det
Crystal Φ ∑ VCO
LPF
Osci.

N
Freq.
Divider
r

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Working principle:

• The crystal oscillator is temperature compensated to

provide utmost stable frequency signal.

• The VCO is locked to some multiple N of a crystal

controlled frequency.

• The phase detector compares the phase of the two input

signals.

• If they are exactly in phase the error voltage from the

phase detector will be one-half its DC supply voltage.

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• The error voltage increases when the phase
advances and decreases when the phase is delayed.

• The out put voltage of the phase detector is given to

a LPF . The out put of LPF is pure DC voltage.

• The DC error voltage is coupled back to the AFC

input to the VCO to maintain phase lock and hold the
VCO to center frequency.

• The error voltage difference ,when applied to the

VCO will establish the oscillator frequency.

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Requirement of PLL FM Transmitter:

• The PLL FM Transmitter can lock the transmitting

frequency exactly to the reference frequency of crystal
controlled oscillator.

• With a well designed VCO the PLL system is capable of

producing wide band FM with out using frequency
multiplication.

• The modulator is simply followed by enough stages of

amplification to achive the desired power out put.

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Applications:

• Used in both communication and broad cast transmitters.

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Summary:

After this topic we have learnt about:

• What is FM transmitter.

• Types of FM transmitters.

• Block diagram of PLL FM Transmitter.

• Working principle of PLL FM Transmitter.

• Requirements of PLL FM Transmitter.

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Quiz:

1). oscillator whose frequency is controlled by an

external input voltage is called -----

• Ans. Voltage controlled oscillator

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2.PLL system is capable of producing wide band
FM
with out using -----

Ans. Frequency multiplication.

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Frequently asked questions:

• Draw the block diagram of FM Transmitter using PLL

and explain its operation.

• What is FM Transmitter.

• Classify the Transmitters.

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