MA. BEMERLY P.

JARDIOLIN-SIRA, MD PATHOLOGIST

To

explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, and PROGRESSION of life

 Viral

physiology Bacterial physiology Cellular physiology Plant physiology HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY- we are concerned with the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that makes it a living being

 Cell

basic living unit Organ aggregate of many different cells held together by intercellular supporting structure
*Each

type of cell is especially adapted to perform one or a few particular functions *Although the many cells of the body often differ markedly from each other, ALL of them have certain basic characteristics that are alike.

Although ALL cells have the ability to reproduce, and when cells of a particular type are destroyed from one cause or another, the remaining cells of this type often generate new cells until the supply is replenished

1. cell membrane- limits the boundary of the cell 2. intercellular bridges- fasten the cells to one another and to the surrounding tissues and permit transfer of ions and other molecules from one cell to another 3.mitochondria- power-generating unit of the cell

4. lysosomes- contain enzymes which would cause destruction of cellular components once released 5. microfilaments- cause contraction 6.microtubules- make up the skeletal framework of the cell; provide the pathway along which secretory granules move to the cell membrane; play a key role in nerve fiber outgrowth

7. centrioles- concerned with the movement of the chromosomes during cell division 8. Golgi complex- packages cellular products 9. endoplasmic reticulum- contains ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis 10. nucleolus- contains RNA which regulates protein synthesis 11. nucleus- contains chromosomes which are the carriers of hereditary traits of the individual

BODY WEIGHT of a human being: 60% - water 40% - protein (18%) fats (15%) minerals (7%) 60% water 40% (intracellular) 20% (extracellular) => 25% in the vascular system and 75% outside the vascular system

 2/3

== of most of the fluids is INSIDE the cell (INTRACELLULAR FLUID)

== fluid found in spaces outside the cell ( EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)

1/3

 In

constant motion throughout the body Rapidly transported in the circulating blood and then mixed between the blood and the tissue fluids by DIFFUSION through the capillary walls Contains the ions & nutrients needed by the cells for maintenance of LIFE internal environment of the body or the Miliue Interieur a term introduced by the French physiologist CLAUDE BERNARD

Born 12 July 1813 Saint-Julien Died 10 February 1878(1878-02-10) (aged 64) Paris Nationality French Fields Physiology Institutions Musum national d'Histoire naturelle

Memorial plaque in Paris marking the site of Claude Bernard's laboratory from 1847 until his death in 1878

 *Cells

are capable of living, growing, and performing their special functions as long as the proper concentrations of OXYGEN, GLUCOSE, IONS, AMINO ACIDS and FATTY SUBSTANCES are available in this internal environment Other substances found in the miliue interieur: large amounts of SODIUM, CHLORIDE, and BICARBONATE IONS; also contains CARBON DIOXIDE (transported from the cells to the lungs to be excreted);other substances transported to the kidneys to be excreted

Contains

large amounts of: POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, and PHOSPHATE IONS

 Respiratory

System blood picks up O2 in the pulmonary alveoli (0.42.0m thin), exchange of gases occurs, O2 diffuses by molecular motion thru the membrane into the blood, in the same manner that water and ions diffuse through the tissue capillaries

 Gastrointestinal

Tract- dissolved nutrients including carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids, are absorbed from the ingested food into the ECF

 Liver

and other Organs that Perform Metabolic Functions those substances absorbed by the GIT but not used by the cells in their absorbed form are changed by the liver to chemical compositions to more useable form Other tissues of the body like fat cells, GIT mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands help to modify the absorbed substances or store them until they are needed

 Musculoskeletal

System this system will allow the body to move to the appropriate places at appropriate time to obtain foods required for nutrition; this system also provides motility for PROTECTION against adverse surroundings

 Equivalent

to Miliue Interieur Means maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment Essentially ALL of the organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help maintain these constant conditions.

 This

is basically performed by the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Involves two stages: 1st stage movement of the blood around and around the circulatory system 2nd stage- movement of the fluid between the blood capillaries and the cells

 All

the blood in the circulation traverse the entire circuit of the circulation on an average of ONCE EACH MINUTE when the body is at rest; as many as SIX TIMES EACH MINUTE when a person is extremely active As blood passes thru the capillaries continual exchange of ECF occurs between the plasma portion of the blood and the interstitial fluid that fills the interstitial spaces due to porosity of the capillaries, large amount of fluid and dissolved constituents may DIFFUSE BACK and FORTH between the blood and the spaces

 This

process of diffusion is due to KINETIC MOTION of the fluid molecules both in the plasma and the interstitial fluid KINETIC MOTION brings a continuous moving and bouncing in all directions of the molecules within the fluid itself, thru the pores, and thru the tissue spaces continuous mixing of the plasma and the interstitial fluid in the extracellular environment ==) almost complete HOMOGENEITY of ECF throughout the body

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

DIFFUSION SOLVENT DRAG FILTRATION OSMOSIS ACTIVE TRANSPORT EXOCYTOSIS/ ENDOCYTOSIS