Videoisthetechnologyofelectronically

capturing,recording,processing, storing,transmitting,andreconstructing asequenceofstillimagesrepresenting sceneinmotion.

Working of video
1.

Whenthelightfromanobjectpassesthrough avideocameralens,thatlightisconvertedinto anelectronicsignalbyasensorcalled CHARGE-COUPLEDDEVICE(CCD). OutputofCCDisprocessedbycameraintoa signalcontainingthreechannelsofcolorand synchronizationpulses. TheoutputofCCDisdealbythedifferent standardofvideo,eachdealingwiththe separationofsignal.

2.

3.

 Ifeachchannelofcolorinformationis

transmittedasseparatesignalonitsown conductorthentheoutputiscalledRGB. Thisthepreferredmethodforhigherquality workandprofessionalvideowork.

Outputcanbeseparateintotwocolor

channels,Cb/Crandlumacomponent channel(Y),whishmakesthedarkandlight partofvideopicture.

In analog system

Thevideosignalfromthecamerais deliveredtothevideoinconnectorofVCR, whereitisrecordedintomagneticvideo tape. Oneortwosoundchannelarealso recordedintothevideotape.

Thevideosignaliswrittenintotapeby sppiningrecordingheadthatchangesthe localmagneticpropertiesoftapessurface inaseriesoflongdiagonalstripes.

 Becausetheheadistiltedataslightangle

comparedwiththepathoftape,itfollowsa helicalpath,whichiscalledHELICALSCAN recording. Asinglevideoframeismadeupoftwo fieldsthatareinterlacedandaudiois recordedintoseparatestraightlinetrackat thetopofvideotape,soundisrecorded helicalbetweenthevideotracks.

Audiotrack Video track Controltrack

 Indigitalsystems,videosignalfromthe

cameraisfirstdigitizedasasingleframe anddataiscompressedbeforeitiswrittento thetape.

Subcodedata Videodata

Trackinformation

Audio data

Analog display standards

1.

NTSC(NationalTelevisionStandards Committee):Usedinunitedstates,Canada,Mexico,Japanand manyothercountries. 2. AsystemdevelopedbyNationalTelevisionStandards Committeeusedfordisplayingandbroadcastingthe video. 3. AccordingtoNTSCstandard,singleframeofvideo wasmadeupof525horizontalscanlines. 4. scanlinesdrawnontotheinsidefaceofphosphorcoatedpicturetubeevery1/30thofasecondbyafastmovingelectronbeam.

1.

 Theelectronbeammadetwopassesas

itdrewasinglevideoframe: 1.firstitlaiddownalltheodd-numberedlines. 2.secondalltheevennumberedlines. Atarateof60persecond. Thesepassespaintedafieldandthetwofields

werethencombinedtocreateasingleframes atarateof30framespersecond,isknownas INTERLACING.

2.PAL(Phase Alternate Line)

Thissystemusedinunitedkingdom,western Europe,Australia,southAfrica,chinaand southAmerica.

PALincreasetheresolutionto625horizontal

lines.
Butslowedthescanrateto25framesper

second.
Theevenandoddlineswereinterlaced,

eachfieldtaking1/50thofasecondtodraw.

3. SECAM (Sequential Color and Memory)

ThissystemwasusedinFrance,

easternEurope,andothercountries.
SECAMis625line,50Hzsystem. DifferentfromboththeNTSCandPAL

colorsystemsinbasictechnologyand broadcastingmethod.

4. ATSC DTV
Advancetelevisionstandardcommittee

digitaltelevision
StartedasHDTVthenchangedasATV

andfinishedasDTV.
ItprovideTVstationsbandwidthto

presentfourorfivestandardtelevision signalsoroneHDTVsignal.

HDTV
Providehighresolutionina16:9aspectratio. Thebroadcastindustryhasanultra-high-

resolution1920*1080interlacedformatwhile thecomputerindustrywouldliketosettleon 1280*720progressive-scansystemfor HDTV. The1920*1080formatprovidesmorepixels thanthe1280*720standardandtherefresh rateisalsodifferent.

Digital display standards

1. ATSC: Advancetelevisionsystemcommittee Isthedigitaltelevisionstandardforthe unitedstates,Canada,Mexico,Taiwan andSouthKorea. Supportswidescreenaspectratioof 16:9withimagesupto1920*1080 pixelsinsize.

2. DVB(digitalvideobroadcasting): UsedmostlyinEurope,wherethestandard

definethephysicallayerofadistribution system.

3. ISDB(integratedservicesdigital broadcasting): UsedinJapantoallowradioandtelevision

stationstoconverttodigitalformat.

 Overscan:Whenanimagebroadcastlargerthanitfiton

standardTVscreenthismethodiscalled overscan.
Underscan:Whileincomputerscreenimagedisplayedin

smallersizeandleavingablackborderis calledunderstand.

Video color
Colorreproductionanddisplayis

differentbetweenTVandmonitors becausemonitorusesRGBmodel.
NTSCTVusesalimitedcolorpalette,

restrictedluminanceandblacklevels.

Color Models in Video

YIQandYUVarethetwocommonly

usedcolormodelsinvideo

YUV Color Model

Initially,forPALanalogvideo,itisnowalsousedin CCIR601standardfordigitalvideo Y(luminance)istheCIEYprimary. Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B Chrominanceisdefinedasthedifferencebetweena colorandareferencewhiteatthesameluminance.It canberepresentedbyUandV--thecolor differences. U=B-Y V=R-Y Ifb/wimage,thenU=V=0.-->Nochrominance! **InactualPALimplementation: U = 0.492 (B - Y) V = 0.877 (R - Y)

YCbCr Color Model

TheYCbCrmodeliscloselyrelatedto

theYUV,itisascaledandshiftedYUV. Cb=((B-Y)/2)+0.5 Cr=((R-Y)/1.6)+0.5 ThechrominancevaluesinYCbCrare alwaysintherangeof0to1. YCbCrisusedinJPEGandMPEG.

YIQ Color Model

YIQisusedinNTSCcolorTV

broadcasting,itisdownwardcompatible withB/WTVwhereonlyYisused. AlthoughUandVnicelydefinethecolor differences,theydonotalignwiththe desiredhumanperceptualcolor sensitivities.InNTSC,IandQareused instead.

Iistheorange-blueaxis,Qisthepurple-green axis. IandQaxesarescaledandrotatedR-YandB -Y(by33degreesclockwise). I=0.877(R-Y)cos33-0.492(B-Y)sin33 Q=0.877(R-Y)sin33+0.492(B-Y)cos33 Iistheorange-blueaxis,Qisthepurple-green axis. IandQaxesarescaledandrotatedR-YandB -Y(by33degreesclockwise).

Digital video
Formakingadigital