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CHAPTER Ten Basic Sampling
Issues
Copyright © 2004
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
1. To understand the concept of sampling.
2. To learn the steps in developing a sampling plan.
3. To understand the concepts of sampling error
and nonsampling error.
4. To understand the differences between
probability samples, and nonprobability
samples.
5. To understand sampling implications of
surveying over the Internet.
Learning Objectives
The Concept of Sampling To understand the
concept of sampling.
Sampling Defined:
1. The process of obtaining information from a subset of
a larger group.
2. A market researcher takes the results from the
sample to make estimates of the larger group.
3. Sampling a small percentage of a population can
result in very accurate estimates.
Learning Objectives
Definition Of Important To understand the
Terms concept of sampling.
Population or Universe
1. The population or population of interest is the total
group of people from whom information is needed.
2. Defining the population of interest is the first step in
the sampling process
3. Requires good logic and judgment
4. Based on the characteristics of current or target
customer
Sample versus Census
Census: Data about every member of the population.
Sample: A subset of the population
Figure 10.1 Steps in Developing a Sample Plan
Learning Objectives
Step 7.
Step 2. Choose
Execute
Data Collection
Operational Plan
Method
Step1.
Define the
Population of
Interest
Step 6. Develop Step 3.
Operational Plan Choose
Sampling Frame
Step 5. (4)
Determine Select a
Sample Size Sampling Method
Learning Objectives
Steps In Developing A To learn the steps in
Sampling Plan developing a sample plan.
Step One: Defining the Population of Interest
Specifying the characteristics from whom information is
needed.
Define the characteristics of those that should be
excluded.
Step Two: Choose Data Collection Method
Impacts for the sampling process.
Step Three: Choosing Sampling Frame
A list of elements or members from which we select units
to be sampled.
Learning Objectives
Steps In Developing A To learn the steps in
Sampling Plan developing a sample plan.
Step Four: Select a Sampling Method
The selection will depend on:
• The objectives of the study
• The financial resources available
• Time limitations
• The nature of the problem
Probability Samples
A known, nonzero probability of selection
Learning Objectives
Steps In Developing A To understand the steps in
Sampling Plan developing a sample plan.
Nonprobability Samples
Elements selected in a nonrandom manner.
1. Nonrandomness—selected on the basis of
convenience
2. Purposeful nonrandomness—systematically
excludes or overrepresents certain subsets of the
population
Learning Objectives
Steps In Developing A To understand the steps in
Sampling Plan developing a sample plan.
Advantages Of Probability Samples
1. Information from a representative crosssection
2. Sampling error can be computed
3. Results are projectable to the total population.
Disadvantages Of Probability Samples
1. More expansive than nonprobabiity samples
2. Take more time to design and execute.
Learning Objectives
Steps In Developing A To understand the steps in
Sampling Plan developing a sample plan.
Disadvantages of Nonprobability Samples
1. Sampling error cannot be computed
2. Representativeness of the sample is not known
3. Results cannot be projected to the population.
Advantages of Nonprobability Samples
1. Cost less than probability
2. Can be conducted more quickly
3. Produces samples that are reasonably
representative
Figure 10.2 Classification of Sampling Methods
Learning Objectives
Sampling
methods
Probability
samples Nonprobabilit
y samples
Simple
Cluster Judgement Quota
random
Learning Objectives
Steps In Developing A To distinguish between probability
Sampling Plan samples and nonprobability samples.
Step Five: Determine Sample Size
• Discussed more in depth in Chapter 11
• Acceptable Error
• Levels of Confidence
Learning Objectives
Steps In Developing A To distinguish between probability
Sampling Plan samples and nonprobability samples.
Step Six: Develop of Operational Procedures for
Selecting Sample Elements
Specify whether a probability or nonprobability sample is
being used
Step Seven: Execution the Sampling Plan
The final step of the operational sampling plan
Include adequate checking of specified procedures.
Learning Objectives
Sampling And To understand the concepts of
Nonsampling Errors sampling error and nonsampling
error.
Sampling Error
The error that results when the same sample is not perfectly
representative of the population.
Two types of sampling error:
X = µ + εs + εns
X = sample mean
µ = true population mean
εs = sampling error
εns = nonsampling error
Learning Objectives
Sampling And To understand the concepts of
Nonsampling Errors sampling error and nonsampling
error.
Sampling Error
The error that results when the same sample is not perfectly
representative of the population.
• Administrative error: problems in the execution of
the sample
• Random error: due to chance and cannot be avoided
Measurement or Nonsampling Error
Includes everything other than sampling error that can
cause inaccuracy and bias
Learning Objectives
Probability Sampling To understand the differences in
Methods probability and nonprobability
sampling methods.
Simple Random Sampling
The purest form of probability sample
Sample Size
Probability of Selection =
Population Size
Systematic Sampling
Uses a fixed skip interval to draw elements from a
numbered population.
Population Size
Skip Interval =
Sample Size
Learning Objectives
Probability Sampling To understand the differences in
Methods probability and nonprobability
sampling methods.
Stratified Samples
Probability samples that are distinguished by the following
steps:
1. The original population is divided into two or more
mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets
2. Simple random samples of elements from the two or
more subsets are chosen independently from each
other.
Learning Objectives
To understand the differences in
Probability Sampling
probability and nonprobability
Methods sampling methods.
Three steps: In implementing a properly stratified sample:
1. Identify salient demographic or classification factors
correlated with the behavior of interest.
2. Determine what proportions of the population fall into
various sub subgroups under each stratum.
• proportional allocation
• disproportional or optimal allocation
3. Select separate simple random samples from each
stratum
Learning Objectives
Probability Sampling To understand the differences in
Methods probability and nonprobability
sampling methods.
Cluster Samples
Sampling units are selected in groups.
1. The population of interest is divided into mutually
exclusive and exhaustive subsets.
1. A random sample of the subsets is selected.
• Onestage cluster—all elements in subset
selected
• Twostage cluster—elements selected in some
probabilistic manner from the selected subsets
Learning Objectives
Nonprobability Sampling To understand the differences in
Methods probability and nonprobability
sampling methods.
Convenience Samples
Easy to collect
Judgement Samples
Based on judgmental selection criteria
Quota Samples
Demographic characteristics in the same proportion as
in the population
Snowball Samples
Additional respondents selected on referral from initial
respondents.
Learning Objectives
Internet Sampling To understand sampling implications
of surveying over the Internet.
Advantages of Internet sampling:
• Target respondents can complete the survey at their
convenience
• Data collection is inexpensive
• The interview can be administered under software control
• The survey can be completed quickly
Learning Objectives
Internet Sampling To understand sampling implications
of surveying over the Internet.
Disadvantages of Internet Interviewing
3. users of the internet are not representative of the
general population
4. no comprehensive and reliable source of email
addresses exists
Learning Objectives
SUMMARY
• The Concept of Sampling
• Definition Of Important Terms
• Steps In Developing A Sampling Plan
• Sampling And Nonsampling Errors
• Probability Sampling Methods
• Nonprobability Sampling Methods
• Sampling Over the Internet
Learning Objectives
The End
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.