ENRICHMENT OF CEREAL GRAINS WITH ZINC AND IRON THROUGH FERTI-FORTIFICATION

PAWITAR SINGH L-2010-A-107-M

FERTI-FORTIFICATION
Technique to enrich various crop grains with micronutrients and simultaneously to enhance the grain and straw yield of different crops

Need for Ferti-fortification in cereals

Rice

Staple food of 50% worlds population.

IRRI (2006) Rice, wheat and maize Inherently very low in zinc and iron contents. (Cakmak 2010) Rice, wheat and maize

Zn-1.08-2.24 mg 100g-1
Fe -1.32-6.51 mg 100g-1 (Sreeramaiah et al. 2007)

Upcoming deficiencies of zinc and iron in human diet

Deficiency Population at risk Geographical region High risk groups

Zinc

2.9 billion

Developing countries

Children aged < 5 years

Iron

2 billion

Worldwide

All, but particularly children and pregnant women

(Brown 2002, Stoltzfus 2001and West 2002)

WHO REPORT (2002) Leading 10 Risk Factors in Developing Countries Numbers Risk factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Underweight Alcohal consumption Unsafe water Smoking Zinc deficiency Iron deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Blood pressure Tobacco Cholesterol % Cause of Disease Burden 14.9 10.2 5.5 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.9

Micronutrient deficiencies: An increasing concern in developed countries

In UK, around 25% of children below 2.5 years suffering from Fe deficiency. (UNICEF 2004)

On an average, 10% of population in USA and Europe is at risk of Zn deficiency. (Hotz and Brown 2004)

ZINC DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN

IRON DEFICIENCY (ANEMIA)

DIFFERENT METHODS TO OVERCOME MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES

Food based approach Micronutrient supplementation Food fortification Plant based approach Coating of seed with micronutrients Soaking of seed in micronutrient solution Dipping roots of seedlings in micronutrient solutions or suspension Genetic bio-fortification Ferti-fortification/Agronomic bio-fortification

Ferti-fortification in cereals

Enrichment of efficient cereal cultivars

Enrichment using different methods of micronutrients application

Use of Zn enriched-NPK fertilizers and chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers

Enrichment of efficient cereal cultivars

Enrichment of zinc in grains of different cereals by soil application

Cereals Zn Conc. in shoot (mg kg-1) Tillering -Zn Rye Aslim Triticale 9.3 22.0 136.5 7.0 23.2 231.4 +Zn % increase Zn Conc. in grain (mg kg-1) At maturity -Zn +Zn % increase -

Presto
T.aestivum Bezostaja-1 Ataj -85

8.4

21.4

154.7

9.7

26.6

174.2

8.3 8.2

15.8 18.0

90.3 119.5

9.3 11.7

14.8 18.8

59.1 60.6

T.durum
Kunduru-1149 C-1252 LSD(0.05) 8.2 6.8 1.3 17.6 17.4 2.8 114.6 155.8 10.5 12.0 1.6 17.0 20.8 4.3 61.9 73.3 -

Cakmak et al. (1997)

Zinc enrichment in the grains of different wheat cultivars

Grain Zinc concentration (mg kg-1)
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -Zn +Zn

Excalibur

Warigal Cultivars

Kamilaroi

Graham et al. (2000)

Enrichment of zinc in grains of maize Hybrid (FHY-421) and Variety (Golden) by soil application

Grain Zn conc.(mg kg-1)

Soil Zn application (kg ha-1)

Soil Type : Sandy loam Kanwal et al. (2010)

Zinc deficiency in barley

Iron deficiency in rice crop

Health disorder in human- Malnutrition

Health disorder in animals - Malnutrition

Enrichment of Zn in 12 wheat genotypes by soil application

Genotype Zn conc. in grain (mg kg-1)
- Zn (control) Inqalab-91 Bhakar-2000 Pari-73 Yaqora As-2002 Shafaq-06 Auqab-2000 Sehar-06 Dirk Iqbal-2000 Vatan SARC-1 Mean 52.41 54.29 40.00 51.05 38.64 34.90 52.76 54.12 55.65 45.61 51.39 48.16 48.25 +Zn @6mg kg-1 60.58 59.90 55.82 59.05 51.73 68.23 54.80 57.35 69.93 61.60 51.90 56.16 58.92

LSD(0.05)

2.85

Soil Type: Sandy loam

Maqsood et al. (2009)

Enrichment of cereal grains with Zn by soil application

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Grain Zn Conc. (mg kg-1)

Control + Zn

Wheat

Rice Corn Species

Sorghum

Soil Type: Silty clay loam

Rashid and Fox (1992)

Enrichment using different methods of micronutrients application

Enrichment of Zn by combination of different methods in wheat grains

Treatment Zn application methods Zn concentration (mg kg-1)
Grain 10 18 10 % increase 80 -

1 2
3

Control Soil
Seed

4 5 6

Foliar Soil+foliar Seed+foliar

27 35 29

170 250 190

Yilmaz et al. (1997)

Enrichment of wheat grains with Zn by soil and foliar application of Zn fertilizer

Treatment Zn 0 40 kg ha -1(ZnSO4 ) 80 kg ha -1(ZnSO4 ) Zn 0.5% ANOVA (p=0.01)
Soil Type: Sandy loam Rad and pessarakli (2009)

Grain Zn conc. (mg kg-1) 31.2 33.5 33.7 62.1 significant

% increase 7.3 8.0 99 -

Effect of foliar application of zinc on enrichment level of wheat grains at different stages of crop growth

Control

Tillering stage

Booting stage

Milk stage

Dough stage

Cakmak(2008)

Enrichment of Zn in wheat grains by foliar application

Treatment
-Zn PDW274 PDW291 PBW343 PBW502 PBW550 31.7 31.2 32.9 31.8 30.4 Zn concentration (mg kg-1) +Zn 40.3 43.3 38.6 42.8 40.0 Mean 36.0 37.3 35.7 37.3 35.2 % increase 27.1 38.8 17.3 34.6 31.6

Mean

31.6

41.0 Zn
Variety Treatment Interactions

36.3
NS 2.3 NS

29.7

CD(0.05)

Soil Type -Loamy sand

Dhaliwal et al. (2009)

Enrichment of Fe in wheat grains by foliar application

Treatment
-Fe PDW274 PDW291 PBW343 PBW502 PBW550 36.6 38.1 40.8 38.9 42.1 Fe concentration (mg kg-1) +Fe Mean 42.2 % increase

47.7 45.6 50.9 47.9 47.6

30.3 19.7 24.8 23.1 13.1

41.8 45.8 43.4 44.8

Mean

39.3

47.9
Fe
Variety Treatment Interactions

43.6
NS 5.1 NS

21.9

CD(0.05)

Dhaliwal et al. (2009)

Zn Enrichment in grains of wheat by combination of different methods

Treatment Methods of application Grain Zn Conc. (mg kg-1) Kunduru 1 2 3 4 Control Soil Foliar Soil+foliar 11 17 19 33 Dagdas 8 16 28 36

Erdal (1998)

Enrichment of wheat grains with Zn by different methods of application

Soil+ Foliar Zn Appl.

Cakmak et al. (2010)

Effect of foliar application of Zn and Fe on enrichment of Zn and Fe in wheat grains

Treatment control Fe Zn Fe +Zn Zn grain conc. (mg kg-1) 12.17 22.6 50.9 20.27 Fe grain conc. (mg kg-1) 84.93 146.7 123.7 139.6

LSD(=0.01)

3.85

27.41

Habib (2009)

Use of Zn enriched-NPK fertilizers and chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers

Effect of Zinc-enriched urea on enrichment levels in Rice grains

Treatments Zn added (kg ha-1) 1.3 2.6 Grain Zn conc. (mg kg-1) 27 29 33

Prilled urea 0.5% ZEU 1% ZEU

2% ZEU
3% ZEU

5.2
7.8

39
42

Soil Type -Sandy clay loam Shivay et al. (2008)

Enrichment of Fe in wheat grains with Fe-enriched urea by foliar application

Foliar application Control FeSo4 FeSo4 + Urea Fe EDTA Fe EDTA + Urea Fe EDDHA Fe grain conc. (mg kg-1 ) 36 38 43 38 42 35

Fe EDDHA + Urea
Fe citrate Fe citrate + Urea LSD(0.05)
Soil Type: Clay loam

39
36 37 5
Acikosoz et al. (2011)

Effect of zinc sources and rates on zinc enrichment of Rice grains

Variables Zn sources ZnSO4 Zn -EDTA Zn levels (mg kg-1) 0 18.1 14.9 23.8 Grain zinc conc. (mg kg-1)

2
4 CD (p=0.05)
Soil Type: Silty clay loam

20.2
25.6 7.3

Srivastva et al. (1999)

Enrichment of rice and wheat grains by zinc enriched urea by soil application
Treatments Rice Zn Grain conc. (mg kg-1) Wheat

Prilled urea

30
Zn-enriched urea

40

1% Zn as ZnO 1% Zn as ZnSO4 2% Zn as ZnO 2% Zn as ZnSO4

Soil Type: Sandy clay loam

36 39 43 48

46 49 49 51

Shivay et al. (2008)

Effect of different zinc sources on enrichment level of Rice grains

Karak et al. (2005)

Enrichment of wheat grains with Zn by zinc chelated fertilizer

Treatments Grain Zinc concentration (mg kg-1) 26.8 32.5 38.6 34.8 34.2 40.8 34.5 2.3 % increase

control Soil-Zn Zn-HEDP(C) @2g/L Zn-HEDP(C) @3g/L Zn-HEDP(L) @2g/L Zn-HEDP(L) @3g/L Mean CD(0.05)

21.2 44.0 29.8 27.6 52.2 (Adhoc project unpublished data)

Conclusions
Ferti-fortification can be a rapid solution to enrich the cereals Combinations of different application methods of zinc fertilizers resulted in increase in cereal grains conc. up to 3-4 fold under field conditions

Contd.
NPK enriched zinc fertilizers and chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers resulted in their higher conc. in cereal grains

Efficient cultivars show higher enrichment in their grains as compared to less efficient cultivars Foliar application of zinc and iron is a better method for enrichment of cereal grains

Zinc + Iron
NPK +Zn + Fe