Module N 4 Hazards

Revision N 13

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

06/05/09

Course structure

Safety Management System Module 8

Module 5 Risks Module 1 SMS course introduction
Module N 4

Module 10 Phased approach to SSP and SMS Implementation Module 9 SMS operation

SMS planning

Module 6 SMS regulation Module 2 Basic safety concepts

Module 7 Introduction to SMS

Module 3 Introduction to safety management

Module 4 Hazards
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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Objective
At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis through a case study

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Outline
Two definitions

First fundamental Understanding hazards

Second fundamental Hazard identification Third fundamental Hazard analysis Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards Questions and answers

Points to remember
Exercise 04/01 International airport construction project (See Handout N 3)
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Two definitions
Hazard Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function Consequence Potential outcome(s) of the hazard

A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is a hazard

A pilot may not be able to control the aircraft during takeoff or landing is one of the consequences of the hazard
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

First fundamental Understanding hazards

There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their consequence(s)

Unclear aerodrome signage vs. runway incursion

Stating a hazard as consequence(s) : disguises the nature of the hazard interferes with identifying other important consequences. Well-named hazards :

allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard

allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

First fundamental Understanding hazards

Types of hazards Natural Technical Economic

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Examples of natural hazards

Severe weather or climatic events: E.g.: hurricanes, major winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind shear Adverse weather conditions: E.g.: Icing, freezing precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Examples of natural hazards

Geophysical events: E.g.: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides Geographical conditions: E.g.: adverse terrain or large bodies of water Environmental events: E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or pest infestation. Public health events: E.g.: epidemics of influenza or other diseases
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Examples of technical hazards

Deficiencies regarding: E.g.: aircraft and aircraft components, systems, subsystems and related equipment E.g.: an organizations facilities, tools, and related equipment E.g.: facilities, systems, sub-systems and related equipment that are external to the organization
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Examples of economics hazards

Major trends related to: Growth Recession

Cost of material or
equipment

Etc.

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Second fundamental Hazard identification

In order to identify hazards, consider:

Design factors, including equipment and task design

Procedures and operating practices, including documentation and checklists Communications, including means, terminology and language

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Second fundamental Hazard identification

consider: Organizational factors, such as company policies for recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of resources Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment and clothing ...

Module N 4

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Second fundamental Hazard identification

consider: Regulatory factors, including the applicability and enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment, personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of oversight Defences including detection and warning systems, and the extent to which the equipment is resilient against errors and failures Human performance, including medical conditions and physical limitations
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Sources of hazard identification

Internal Flight Data Analysis Company voluntary reporting system Audits and surveys External Accident reports State mandatory occurrence system As a reminder Predictive Proactive Reactive
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Hazard identification
By whom? By anybody By designated personnel How? Through formal processes Depends on the organization When? Anytime Under specific conditions
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Hazard identification
Specific conditions Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions Major operational changes are foreseen

Periods of significant organizational change

Module N 4

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Third fundamental Hazard analysis

ABC of hazard analysis State the generic hazard (Hazard statement)

Airport construction Construction equipment Closed taxiways

Identify specific components of the hazard

Aircraft colliding with construction equipment Aircraft taking wrong taxiway

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Naturally leading to specific consequence(s)

Module N 4

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Third fundamental Hazard analysis

Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require a constant balance between production goals... maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a runway construction project ...and safety goals maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome operations during runway construction project. Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not be cost-effective to address even when operations must continue (Cost-benefit analysis further discussed in Module 5)
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards

Appropriate documentation management is important as: It is a formal procedure to translate operational safety data into hazardrelated information It becomes the safety library of an organization
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards

Tracking and analysis of hazards is facilitated by standardizing: Definitions Understanding Validation Reporting Measurement Management

Module N 4

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards

Method
Reactive method ASR MOR Incident reports Accident reports Proactive method ASR Surveys Audits Predictive method FDA Direct observation systems

Identification
Assess the consequences and prioritize the risks

Management
Assign responsibilities

Documentation

Information
Safety management information Trend analysis

Hazards

Develop control and mitigation strategies

Implement strategies

Safety bulletins Report distribution

Hazards

Inform person(s) responsible for implementing strategies

Re-evaluate strategies and processes

Seminars and workshops

Feedback
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

The focus of hazard identification

Hazard identification is a wasted effort if restricted to the aftermath of rare occurrences where there is Practical drift serious injury, or significant damage.

Accidents

15
Serious incidents

30 100
Incidents

100 1000
Latent conditions

1000 4000

Practical drift

SMS
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Hazards

Questions and answers

Module N 4

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Questions and answers

Q: Define the concept of hazard.

A:
Hazard Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function.

Slide number: 5
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Questions and answers

Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider when identifying hazards. A: Design factors, including equipment and task design. Procedures and operating practices, including documentation and checklists. Communications, including means, terminology and language.
Slide number: 12
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Questions and answers

Q: Name three specific circumstances when hazard identification is essential. A: Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions. Major operational changes are foreseen. Periods of significant organizational change

Slide number: 17
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Points to remember
1. Hazards have potential consequences 2. Sources of hazard identification 3. ABC of hazard analysis

4. Hazard documentation: the safety library of an

organization

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Hazards

Exercise 04/01 International airport construction project (Handout N 3)

Module N 4

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

International airport construction project

Group activity: A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the discussion A summary of the discussion will be written on flip charts, and a member of the group will brief on their findings in a plenary session Scenario: Construction project to enlarge and repave one of the two crossing runways at an international airport (150,000 movements a year)
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Aerodrome layout

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Construction project Phase 1

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Phase 1

Scope of the work

Phase 1
Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 1028 to the south and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification Number (PCN) Estimated time to complete the work Seven (7) months

Module N 4

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Construction project Phase 2

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Phase 2 Phase 1

Scope of the work

Phase 2
Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 1028 to the north and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work Seven (7) months

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Construction project Phase 3

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ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1

Scope of the work

Phase 3
Complete the construction work of runway 17-35 for the central area of the last 400 m at the intersection of runway 17-35 and runway 10-28 (from asphalt to concrete), increasing its width from 45 to 60 meters and its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work

Four(4) months

Module N 4

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Scope of the work

Runway 10-28 utilization during the construction work

Continuous utilization of runway 10-28 during the threephase of runway 17-35 construction project. [To maintain regular aerodrome operations (production) and existing margins of safety (protection) in the operations during the runway construction project]
Length of runway 10-28 is currently 4.100 m and during Phase 3 its length will be reduced, leaving a distance of 2.600 m for aircraft operations measured between threshold 10 and the intersection of runway 10-28 with taxiway Golf
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Identify hazards
Your task Identify the hazards using brainstorming techniques. Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their components and their related consequences (use a flip chart) Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows: List type of operation or activity State the generic hazard (hazard statement) Identify specific components of the hazard List hazard-related consequences It is recommended to conduct the hazard identification and analysis per each construction phase of runway 1735
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Table 04/01 Hazard identification

N 1 2 3 4 5
Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Type of operation or activity

Generic hazard (hazard statement)

Specific components of the hazard

Hazard-related consequences

Module N 4 Hazards

Revision N 13

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

06/05/09