Parts of Speech

and

Functions of Words

Part of Speech: NOUN

Nouns name
Person Place Thing Abstraction
Idea Emotion

Kinds of nouns
Common Proper

Function of NOUN in Sentence

Subject:
Jack jumped over the candlestick.

Direct object:
Mary had a little lamb. Jack sent Mary an invitation.

Indirect object:
Jack sent Mary an invitation.

Object of the preposition:

Jack jumped over the candlestick.

Noun function
Noun in direct address:
Jack, will you help me?

Appositive:
Mr. Smith, the grocer, rang up my bill.

Predicate nominative or subject complement:

Mr. Smith is a grocer.

Possessive:
Jacks pail has a hole in it. The boys game was cancelled. The mens game was cancelled.

Part of Speech: PRONOUN

Pronouns replace nouns: stand-in for a person, place thing or abstraction. The noun replaced by the pronoun is known as the antecedent

Function of PRONOUN in Sentence

Pronouns have all the same functions as nouns.

Kinds of PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns replace noun
1st person singular: I, me, my, mine 1st person plural: we, us, our 2nd person : you, you, your (thou, thee, thine) 3rd person singular: He,she,it; him, her, it; his, hers, its ( Note the possessive its has no apostrophe! its = it is ) 3rd person plural: They, them, their

Interrogative pronouns ask questions

Who, whom, whose? Which, what?

Kinds of Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns do not require an antecedent:
Singular: another, any, each, nothing, one, anyone, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, something, either, neither Plural: few, many, some, all

Relative pronouns -- create a dependent clause by introducing a noun or adjective clause

The man, who hit my car, did not give me his license number. who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever, what, whatever, that

Kinds of Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns point
This, these That, those

Intensive pronouns emphasize preceding noun. Same form as Reflexive pronouns receive the action of the subject who is the same person
Singular: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Part of Speech: ADJECTIVE

Adjectives describe, limit or modify a noun or pronoun
The blue dress was beautiful.

Article
Definite: the Indefinite: a, an

Part of Speech: ADVERB

Adverbs modify or describe: verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.
He ran quickly. He ran very quickly. The dress was cobalt blue.

Part of Speech: PREPOSITION

Prepositions link a noun or pronoun to other words in the sentence creating a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: preposition + noun
He ran to the bus. She met me at six oclock.

Function of PREPOSITION in Sentence

Prepositional phrases always modify or describe something. Adjectival prepositional phrases:
The stew for dinner was delicious.

Adverbial prepositional phrases:

The stew was made with beef, potatoes, carrots and onions.

Part of Speech: CONJUNCTION

Conjunctions connect Coordinate conjunctions
and, or, nor, so, for, but, yet

Correlative conjunctions
bothand eitheror neithernor Not onlybut also Whetheror

Subordinate conjunctions

Function of CONJUNCTIONS in Sentences

Coordinate conjunctions -- connect words, phrases or clauses of equal weight.
Jack and Jill went up the hill. Jack fell down, and Jill came tumbling after.

Correlative conjunctions always used in pairs also connect terms of equal weight
Both Jack and Jill went up the hill. Not only Jack did fall down, but Jill also tumbled after him.

Subordinate conjunctions create dependant clauses by introducing adverb clauses

When Jack fell down, Jill tumbled after.

Common Subordinate Conjunctions

After Although As As if Because Before If Once Since That Unless Until When Whenever Where While

Part of Speech: INTERJECTION

Interjections exclaim or express emotions Ouch Alas Oh All those words you curse with

Part of Speech: VERB

Verbs express action, state of being or condition

Function of VERB in Sentence

Main verbs
Action: walk, sing, fly State of being or linking: is, feel

Auxiliary (helping) verbs combine with main verbs to create verb phrases
Be: am walking, was sung Have: had flown

Principal Parts of Verbs

Infinitive: to be 3rd person present tense: is 3rd person past tense: was Past participle: been
to have, has, had, had to walk, walks, walked, walked to sing, sings, sang, sung to fly, flies, flew, flown

VERB Tenses
Present:
I walk The bird flies

Past
I walked The bird flew

Future
I shall walk The bird will fly

Perfect VERB Tenses

Present Perfect
I have walked The bird has flown

Past Perfect
I had walked The bird had flown

Future Perfect
I shall have walked The bird will have flown

Progressive VERB Tenses

Present progressive
I am walking The bird is flying

Past progressive
I was walking The bird was flying

Future progressive
I shall be walking The bird will be flying

VERB Voice
Active
Jack threw the ball

Passive
The ball was thrown by Jack

VERB Moods
Indicative makes a statement
The cow jumped over the moon.

Interrogative asks a question

Who jumped over the moon?

Imperative gives a command or direct request

Jump over the moon.

Subjunctive expresses a wish or contrary-tofact statement

If the cow jump over the moon, I will be surprised. I wish the cow would jump over the moon.

VERBALS
Parts of verbs that function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs
Present participle: being, walking, singing, flying
The flying bird overhead is a blue heron.

Past participle: been, walked, sung, flown

The opera sung last night was Carmen.

Infinitive: to be, to walk, to sing, to fly

To walk a mile every day is healthy.

Gerund (always as a noun): being, walking, singing, flying

Flying is his passion