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RNA DNA
Size of DNA molecules : haploid cells : 3,0 x 109 base pairs 1 chromosome 7 cm in length total length ( 46 chromosomes) 1,7 m. Packing of DNA in cells : Double helix wound around (histone) proteins that organize & protect DNA. DNA-protein packages coiled in larger coils. More twisting & condensation chromosome. Function : Genetic Material 1. Able to replicate 2. Able to encode the sequence of protein 3. Able to change in a controlled way
- DNA interacts with basic proteins known as histones - Histones arginine and lysine - Five classes of histones : H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 H2A H2B Ellipsoid H3 H4 - Other types of proteins are also associated with DNA - Nucleosomes : * bead-like structures of DNA * DNA coils around the surface of the ellipsoid * Complex of histones plus DNA
Nucleotides of DNA
Bases Pairing
By Hidrogen Bond
Purines - Pyrimidines
Characteristic of DNA
- Denature : The two strands of the DNA helix separate or denature * Alkali * Heat
OH-_
OH-_
DNA
DNA
RNA
DNA
RNA
Effect of alkali on DNA and RNA. : DNA strands stay intact, but separate. RNA strands are degraded to nucleotides.
Characteristic of DNA
- Renaturation (reannealing) : temperature slowly re-forming a double helix, identical to the original DNA.
Heat Cool
Various diagrammatic ways of representing DNA : (a) showing polarity and base pairing but no helical twist; (b) showing helical twist and helix parameters but not base pairs;
(a )
(b)
Various diagrammatic ways of representing DNA : (c) showing helix and base pairs; (d) space-filling representation showing major and minor grooves.
Twist
A double helix
Z, B, and A forms of DNA. The solid black lines connect one phosphate group to the next.
DNA Replication
prepared genetic material to reproduction / cell division
Replication rate - The eukaryotic replication rate is about 10 times slower than the prokaryotic replication rate. - 8 hours to replicate the human genome semi conservative mechanism bidirectional, direction of DNA synthesize : 5 3 start at many Origin of Replication (ORI)
Semi conservative
Schematic representation of the addition of a nucleotide to a growing strand of DNA during replication.
Phosphate O CH2 O 4 H H H 3 OH H
Base
1 H 2 H
Bi-directional
Structure of RNA
Single stranded RNA nucleotides consist of: 1. Ribose (a pentose = sugar with 5 carbons) 2. Phosphate group 3. Organic (nitrogenous) bases: - Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Uracil) - Purines (Adenine and Guanine)
RNA - Function
- Information storage and transport (mRNA, viral RNA) - Info transfer - Catalysis -ribozymes - Ribosome Regulation - Plasmid copy # (tRNA)
RNA Codons
Start codon : Stop codon : AUG UAA, UAG and UGA
DNA-
DNA repair
Mismatch repair