%,-098 %,-098

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jomjai Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jomjai

Peerapattana Peerapattana
Faculty of Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical
Sciences Sciences
Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen University
Scope Scope
Introduction Introduction
Advantages and Advantages and
disadvantages of disadvantages of
compressed tabIets compressed tabIets
Types of tabIets Types of tabIets
TabIet compression TabIet compression
machine machine
TabIeting methods TabIeting methods
397oduc9o3 397oduc9o3
1843 1843 a patent was granted to a patent was granted to
Thomas Brockedon Thomas Brockedon
(EngIishman) for (EngIishman) for
manufacturing piIIs and manufacturing piIIs and
Iozenges Iozenges
1874 1874 both rotary and both rotary and
eccentric presses eccentric presses
1885 1885 gIyceryI trinitrate gIyceryI trinitrate
tabIets was in the BP tabIets was in the BP
dva39ages dva39ages
Production aspect Production aspect
arge scaIe production at Iowest arge scaIe production at Iowest
cost cost
Easiest and cheapest to package Easiest and cheapest to package
and ship and ship
High stabiIity High stabiIity
User aspect (doctor, pharmacist, User aspect (doctor, pharmacist,
patient) patient)
Easy to handIing Easy to handIing
ightest and most compact ightest and most compact
Greatest dose precision & Ieast Greatest dose precision & Ieast
Disadvantages Disadvantages
$ome drugs resist $ome drugs resist
compression into dense compression into dense
compacts compacts
Drugs with Drugs with poor wetting, sIow poor wetting, sIow
dissoIution, intermediate to dissoIution, intermediate to
Iarge dosages Iarge dosages may be difficuIt may be difficuIt
or impossibIe to formuIate and or impossibIe to formuIate and
manufacture as a tabIet that manufacture as a tabIet that
provide adequate or fuII drug provide adequate or fuII drug
bioavaiIabiIity bioavaiIabiIity
Bitter taste drugs, drugs with Bitter taste drugs, drugs with
Absorpti Absorpti
on of on of
drug drug
form form
tablets tablets
3g7ede39s used 3 3g7ede39s used 3
9able9 fo72ula9o3s 9able9 fo72ula9o3s
Drugs Drugs
FiIIers, diIuent, buIking agent FiIIers, diIuent, buIking agent
To make a reasonabIy sized To make a reasonabIy sized
tabIet tabIet
Binders Binders
To bind powders together in To bind powders together in
the wet granuIation process the wet granuIation process
To bind granuIe together To bind granuIe together
during compression during compression
Disintegrants Disintegrants
To promote breakup of the To promote breakup of the
tabIets tabIets
ubricants ubricants
To reduce the friction during To reduce the friction during
tabIet ejection between the waIIs tabIet ejection between the waIIs
of the tabIet and the waIIs of the of the tabIet and the waIIs of the
die cavity die cavity
GIidants GIidants
Reducing friction between the Reducing friction between the
particIes particIes
To improve the fIow properties of To improve the fIow properties of
the granuIations the granuIations
Antiadherants Antiadherants
To prevent adherence of the To prevent adherence of the
DissoIution (enhancers and DissoIution (enhancers and
retardants) retardants)
Wetting agents Wetting agents
Antioxidants Antioxidants
Preservatives Preservatives
CoIoring agents CoIoring agents
FIavoring agents FIavoring agents
ssential properties ssential properties
of tablets of tablets
Accurate dosage Accurate dosage of of
medicament, uniform in weight, medicament, uniform in weight,
appearance and diameter appearance and diameter
Have the Have the strength strength to withstand to withstand
the rigors of mechanicaI the rigors of mechanicaI
shocks encountered in its shocks encountered in its
production, packaging, production, packaging,
shipping and dispensing shipping and dispensing
ReIease ReIease the medicinaI agents in the medicinaI agents in
the body in a predictabIe and the body in a predictabIe and
reproducibIe manner reproducibIe manner
%ypes of tablets %ypes of tablets
Route of administration Route of administration
raI tabIets raI tabIets
$ubIinguaI or buccaI tabIets $ubIinguaI or buccaI tabIets
VaginaI tabIets VaginaI tabIets
Production process Production process
Compressed tabIets Compressed tabIets
MuItipIe compressed tabIets MuItipIe compressed tabIets
TabIet within a tabIets: core TabIet within a tabIets: core
and sheII and sheII
MuItiIayer tabIet MuItiIayer tabIet
$ugar coated tabIets $ugar coated tabIets
Protect tabIets from Protect tabIets from
moisture moisture
Mask odor and fIavor Mask odor and fIavor
EIegance EIegance
FiIm coated tabIets FiIm coated tabIets
Thin fiIm coat Thin fiIm coat
$oIubIe or insoIubIe $oIubIe or insoIubIe
ChewabIe tabIets ChewabIe tabIets
Rapid disintegrate Rapid disintegrate
Antacid, fIatuIance: rapid Antacid, fIatuIance: rapid
action action
ChiIdren drug ChiIdren drug
Effervescent tabIets Effervescent tabIets
DissoIve in the water DissoIve in the water
before drink before drink
%ablet production %ablet production
Powders intended for Powders intended for
compression into tabIets compression into tabIets
must possess two essentiaI must possess two essentiaI
properties properties
Powder fIuidity Powder fIuidity
The materiaI can be The materiaI can be
transported through the transported through the
hopper into the die hopper into the die
To produce tabIets of a To produce tabIets of a
Powder compressibiIity Powder compressibiIity
The property of forming a The property of forming a
stable, intact compact mass stable, intact compact mass
when pressure is applied when pressure is applied
%able93g p7ocedu7e %able93g p7ocedu7e
Filling Filling
Compression Compression
Ejection Ejection
%ablet compression %ablet compression
machines machines
Hopper Hopper for holding and feeding for holding and feeding
granulation to be compressed granulation to be compressed
Dies Dies that define the size and that define the size and
shape of the tablet shape of the tablet
Punches Punches for compressing the for compressing the
granulation within the dies granulation within the dies
Cam tracks Cam tracks for guiding the for guiding the
movement of the punches movement of the punches
Feeding mechanisms Feeding mechanisms for moving for moving
Single punch Single punch
machine machine
The compression is applied The compression is applied
by the upper punch by the upper punch
Stamping press Stamping press
Upper and
Lower Collar
Collar locker
$ingIe Punch
Machine (TabIets)
ulti ulti- -station rotary station rotary
presses presses
The head of the tabIet machine The head of the tabIet machine
that hoIds the upper punches, that hoIds the upper punches,
dies and Iower punches in dies and Iower punches in
pIace rotates pIace rotates
As the head rotates, the As the head rotates, the
punches are guided up and punches are guided up and
down by fixed cam tracks, down by fixed cam tracks,
which controI the sequence of which controI the sequence of
fiIIing, compression and fiIIing, compression and
ejection. ejection.
The portion hoIding the dies is The portion hoIding the dies is
caIIed the caIIed the die tabIe die tabIe
The The puII down cam (C) puII down cam (C) guides guides
the Iower punches to the the Iower punches to the
bottom, aIIowing the dies to bottom, aIIowing the dies to
overfiII overfiII
The punches then pass over a The punches then pass over a
weight weight- -controI cam (E), controI cam (E), which which
reduces the fiII in the dies to reduces the fiII in the dies to
the desired amount the desired amount
A A swipe off bIade (D) swipe off bIade (D) at the end at the end
of the feed frame removes the of the feed frame removes the
excess granuIation and directs excess granuIation and directs
it around the turret and back it around the turret and back
into the front of the feed frame into the front of the feed frame
The Iower punches traveI over The Iower punches traveI over
the the Iower compression roII (F) Iower compression roII (F)
whiIe simuItaneousIy the upper whiIe simuItaneousIy the upper
punches ride beneath the punches ride beneath the upper upper
The upper punches enter a The upper punches enter a
fixed distance into the dies, fixed distance into the dies,
whiIe the Iower punches are whiIe the Iower punches are
raised to squeeze and compact raised to squeeze and compact
the granuIation within the dies the granuIation within the dies
After the moment of After the moment of
compression, the upper compression, the upper
punches are withdrawn as they punches are withdrawn as they
foIIow the foIIow the upper punch raising upper punch raising
The tabIets strike a sweep off The tabIets strike a sweep off
bIade affixed to the front of the bIade affixed to the front of the
feed frame (A) feed frame (A) and sIide down a and sIide down a
chute into a receptacIe chute into a receptacIe
At the same time, the Iower At the same time, the Iower
punches re punches re- -enter the enter the puII down puII down
cam (C) cam (C) and the cycIe is and the cycIe is
repeated repeated
AIthough tabIet compressing AIthough tabIet compressing
machinery has undergone machinery has undergone
numerous mechanicaI numerous mechanicaI
modifications over the years, modifications over the years,
the compaction of materiaIs the compaction of materiaIs
between a pair of moving between a pair of moving
punches within a stationary die punches within a stationary die
has has remained unchanged remained unchanged
The principIe modification from The principIe modification from
earIier equipment has been an earIier equipment has been an
increase in production rate increase in production rate
which is reguIated by which is reguIated by
$peciaI adaptations of tabIet $peciaI adaptations of tabIet
machines aIIow for the machines aIIow for the
compression of Iayered tabIets compression of Iayered tabIets
and coated tabIets and coated tabIets
A device that chiIIs the A device that chiIIs the
compression components to compression components to
aIIow for the compression of aIIow for the compression of
Iow Iow- -meIting point substances meIting point substances
such as waxes i.e. such as waxes i.e.
%ableting methods %ableting methods
Dry methods Dry methods
Direct compression Direct compression
Dry granuIation Dry granuIation
Wet methods Wet methods
Wet granuIation Wet granuIation
Direct compression Direct compression
TabIets are compressed TabIets are compressed
directIy from powder bIends of directIy from powder bIends of
the active ingredient and the active ingredient and
suitabIe excipients suitabIe excipients
No pretreatment of the powder No pretreatment of the powder
bIends by wet or dry bIends by wet or dry
granuIation procedures is granuIation procedures is
necessary necessary
Advantages Advantages
Economy Economy
Machine: fewer Machine: fewer
manufacturing steps and manufacturing steps and
pieces of equipment pieces of equipment
abor: reduce Iabor costs abor: reduce Iabor costs
ess process vaIIidation ess process vaIIidation
ower consumption of ower consumption of
power power
EIimination of granuIation EIimination of granuIation
process process
Heat (wet granuIation) Heat (wet granuIation)
Moisture (wet granuIation) Moisture (wet granuIation)
High pressure (dry High pressure (dry
granuIation) granuIation)
Processing without the need Processing without the need
for moisture and heat which for moisture and heat which
is inherent in most wet is inherent in most wet
Avoidance of high Avoidance of high
compaction pressures compaction pressures
invoIves in producing invoIves in producing
tabIets by sIugging or roII tabIets by sIugging or roII
compaction compaction
EIimination of variabiIities EIimination of variabiIities
in wet granuIation in wet granuIation
processing processing
Binders (temp, viscous, Binders (temp, viscous,
age) age)
Viscosity of the granuIating Viscosity of the granuIating
Rate of binder addition and Rate of binder addition and
kneading can affect the kneading can affect the
properties of the granuIes properties of the granuIes
formed formed
The granuIating soIution, the The granuIating soIution, the
type and Iength of mixing type and Iength of mixing
and the method and rate of and the method and rate of
wet and dry screening can wet and dry screening can
change the density and change the density and
particIe size of the granuIes, particIe size of the granuIes,
which can have a major which can have a major
Type and rate of drying Type and rate of drying
can Iead not onIy to criticaI can Iead not onIy to criticaI
changes in equiIibrium MC but changes in equiIibrium MC but
aIso to unbIending as soIubIe aIso to unbIending as soIubIe
active ingredients migrate to active ingredients migrate to
the surfaces of the drying the surfaces of the drying
granuIes granuIes
More unit processes are More unit processes are
incorporated in production, incorporated in production,
the chances of batch the chances of batch- -to to- -batch batch
Prime particIe Prime particIe
dissociation dissociation
Each primary drug Each primary drug
particIe is Iiberated from particIe is Iiberated from
the tabIet mass and is the tabIet mass and is
avaiIabIe for dissoIution avaiIabIe for dissoIution
Disintegrate rapidIy to Disintegrate rapidIy to
the primary particIe state the primary particIe state
Uniformity of particIe Uniformity of particIe
size size
Greater stabiIity of tabIet Greater stabiIity of tabIet
on aging on aging
CoIor CoIor
DissoIution rate DissoIution rate
Fewer chemicaI stabiIity Fewer chemicaI stabiIity
probIems wouId be probIems wouId be
encountered as encountered as
Concerns Concerns
Excipient avaiIabIe from Excipient avaiIabIe from
onIy one suppIier and onIy one suppIier and
often cost more than often cost more than
fiIIer used in granuIation fiIIer used in granuIation
Procedure conservation Procedure conservation
Machine investments Machine investments
ack of materiaI ack of materiaI
knowIedge knowIedge
PhysicaI Iimitation of drug PhysicaI Iimitation of drug
No compressibiIity No compressibiIity
No fIowabiIity No fIowabiIity
PhysicaI characteristics of PhysicaI characteristics of
materiaIs (both drug and materiaIs (both drug and
excipient) excipient)
$ize and size distribution $ize and size distribution
Moisture Moisture
$hape and surface $hape and surface
FIowabiIity FIowabiIity
Density Density
ot to Iot variabiIity ot to Iot variabiIity
Dusting probIem Dusting probIem
CoIoring CoIoring
7ec9 co2p7esso3 7ec9 co2p7esso3
flle7s flle7s
Common materiaIs that Common materiaIs that
have been modified in the have been modified in the
chemicaI manufacturing chemicaI manufacturing
process to improve fIuidity process to improve fIuidity
and compressibiIity and compressibiIity
Soluble flle7s Soluble flle7s
actose actose
$pray dried Iactose $pray dried Iactose
actose is pIaced in actose is pIaced in
aqueous soIution, removed aqueous soIution, removed
impurities and spray dried impurities and spray dried
Mixture of Iarge aIpha Mixture of Iarge aIpha
monohydrate crystaIs and monohydrate crystaIs and
sphericaI aggregates of sphericaI aggregates of
smaIIer crystaIs smaIIer crystaIs
Good fIowabiIity but Iess Good fIowabiIity but Iess
oss compressibiIity upon oss compressibiIity upon
initiaI compaction initiaI compaction
ProbIem of browning due ProbIem of browning due
to contamination of to contamination of 5 5- -
hydroxyfurfuraI which was hydroxyfurfuraI which was
acceIerated in the acceIerated in the
presence of basic amine presence of basic amine
drugs and cataIyzed by drugs and cataIyzed by
tartrate, citrate and acetate tartrate, citrate and acetate
Fast Fast- -FIo Iactose (earIy FIo Iactose (earIy 1970 1970s) s)
$phericaI aggregates of $phericaI aggregates of
microcrystaIs Iactose microcrystaIs Iactose
monohydrate monohydrate
HeId together by a higher HeId together by a higher
concentration of gIass concentration of gIass
(amorphous Iactose) (amorphous Iactose)
Much more compressibIe Much more compressibIe
HighIy fIuid HighIy fIuid
Non hygroscopic Non hygroscopic
TabIets are three to four TabIets are three to four
times harder than reguIar times harder than reguIar
spray dried spray dried
TabIetose: aggromerate form TabIetose: aggromerate form
of Iactose of Iactose
More compressibIe than More compressibIe than
spray dried but Iess spray dried but Iess
compressibIe than Fast FIo compressibIe than Fast FIo
Iactose Iactose
Anhydrous Iactose: free Anhydrous Iactose: free
fIowing crystaIIine Iactose fIowing crystaIIine Iactose
Produced by crystaIIization Produced by crystaIIization
above above 93 93C which produces C which produces
the beta form the beta form
Pass through steam heated Pass through steam heated
roIIers roIIers
Good fIow property, Good fIow property,
contained high amount of contained high amount of
fines, its fIuidity is Iess than fines, its fIuidity is Iess than
optimaI optimaI
At high RH anhydrous At high RH anhydrous
Iactose wiII pick up Iactose wiII pick up
moisture forming the moisture forming the
hydrated compound hydrated compound
increase in the size of increase in the size of
tabIets if the excipient tabIets if the excipient
makes up a Iarge portion of makes up a Iarge portion of
the totaI tabIet weight the totaI tabIet weight
ExceIIent dissoIution ExceIIent dissoIution
$ucrose $ucrose
Di Di- -Pac: cocrystaIIization of Pac: cocrystaIIization of
97 97% sucrose and % sucrose and 3 3% modified % modified
dextrin dextrin
$maII sucrose crystaIs $maII sucrose crystaIs
gIued together by dextrin gIued together by dextrin
Good fIow properties and Good fIow properties and
needs a gIidant onIy when needs a gIidant onIy when
atmospheric moisture IeveIs atmospheric moisture IeveIs
are high (> are high (>50 50%RH) %RH)
Concentration of moisture Concentration of moisture
is extremeIy criticaI in is extremeIy criticaI in
terms of product terms of product
compressibiIity compressibiIity
compressibiIity increases compressibiIity increases
rapidIy in a moisture range rapidIy in a moisture range
of of 0 0..3 3- -0 0..4 4%, pIateaus at a %, pIateaus at a
IeveI of IeveI of 0 0..4 4- -0 0..5 5% and rises % and rises
again rapidIy up to again rapidIy up to 0 0..8 8% %
when the product begins when the product begins
DiIution potentiaI DiIution potentiaI 20 20- -35 35% %
TabIets tend to harden TabIets tend to harden
sIightIy during the first sIightIy during the first
hours after compression or hours after compression or
when aged at high when aged at high
humidities and then dried humidities and then dried
(this is typicaI of most direct (this is typicaI of most direct
compression sucroses or compression sucroses or
dextroses) dextroses)
Nutab: Nutab: 95 95..8 8% sucrose, % sucrose, 4 4% %
convert sugar (equimoIecuIar convert sugar (equimoIecuIar
mixture of IevuIose and mixture of IevuIose and
dextrose) and dextrose) and 0 0..1 1 to to 0 0..2 2% %
each of cornstarch and each of cornstarch and
magnesium strarate magnesium strarate
arge particIe size arge particIe size
distribution and good distribution and good
fIuidity fIuidity
Poor coIor stabiIity Poor coIor stabiIity
Dextrose Dextrose
Emdex: spray crystaIIized Emdex: spray crystaIIized
90 90- -92 92% dextrose, % dextrose, 3 3- -5 5% %
maItose and the remainder maItose and the remainder
higher gIucose higher gIucose
poIysaccharides poIysaccharides
AvaiIabIe both anhydrous AvaiIabIe both anhydrous
and a hydrate product and a hydrate product
ExceIIent compressibiIity ExceIIent compressibiIity
argest particIe size, argest particIe size,
bIending probIem may bIending probIem may
$orbitoI $orbitoI
Exists in a number of Exists in a number of
poIymorphic crystaIIine forms poIymorphic crystaIIine forms
and amorphous form and amorphous form
WideIy used in sugar WideIy used in sugar- -free free
mints and as a vehicIe in mints and as a vehicIe in
chewabIe tabIets chewabIe tabIets
CooI taste and good mouth CooI taste and good mouth
feeI feeI
Forms a hard compact Forms a hard compact
Hygroscopic and wiII cIump Hygroscopic and wiII cIump
in the feed frame and stick to in the feed frame and stick to
the surfaces of the die tabIe the surfaces of the die tabIe
when tabIeted at humidities > when tabIeted at humidities >
50 50% %
ubricant requirements ubricant requirements
increase when the MC of the increase when the MC of the
sorbitoI drops beIow sorbitoI drops beIow 0 0..5 5% or % or
exceeds exceeds 2 2% %
MannitoI MannitoI
Exists in a number of Exists in a number of
poIymorphic forms poIymorphic forms
Not make as hard a tabIet as Not make as hard a tabIet as
sorbitoI sorbitoI
ess sensitive to humidity ess sensitive to humidity
WideIy used where rapid and WideIy used where rapid and
compIete soIubiIity is compIete soIubiIity is
required required
Use as a fiIIer in chewabIe Use as a fiIIer in chewabIe
MaItodextrin MaItodextrin
MaItrin MaItrin
HighIy compressibIe HighIy compressibIe
CompIeteIy soIubIe CompIeteIy soIubIe
Very Iow hygroscopic Very Iow hygroscopic
3soluble flle7s 3soluble flle7s
$tarch $tarch
$tarch $tarch 1500 1500: intact starch : intact starch
grains and ruptured starch grains and ruptured starch
grains that have been grains that have been
partiaIIy hydroIyzed and partiaIIy hydroIyzed and
subsequentIy aggromerated subsequentIy aggromerated
ExtremeIy high MC ( ExtremeIy high MC (12 12- -13 13%) %)
Does not form hard Does not form hard
compacts compacts
DiIution potentiaI is minimaI DiIution potentiaI is minimaI
Not generaIIy used as fiIIer Not generaIIy used as fiIIer- -
binder but as fiIIer binder but as fiIIer
disintegrant disintegrant
Retains the disintegrant Retains the disintegrant
properties of starch without properties of starch without
increasing the fIuidity and increasing the fIuidity and
compressibiIity of the totaI compressibiIity of the totaI
formuIation formuIation
Deforms eIasticaIIy when a Deforms eIasticaIIy when a
compression force is appIied, compression force is appIied,
it imparts IittIe strength to it imparts IittIe strength to
compacts compacts
$pray dried starch $pray dried starch
Era Era- -Tab: spray Tab: spray- -dried rice dried rice
starch starch
Good fIuidity Good fIuidity
MC MC 10 10- -13 13% %
CompressibiIity depend CompressibiIity depend
on moisture on moisture
ReworkabiIity ReworkabiIity
ow buIk density ow buIk density
CeIuIose CeIuIose
MicrocrystaIIine ceIIuIose MicrocrystaIIine ceIIuIose
(AviceI) (AviceI)
The most important tabIet The most important tabIet
excipient deveIoped in excipient deveIoped in
modern times modern times
Derived from a speciaI Derived from a speciaI
grade of purified aIpha grade of purified aIpha
wood ceIIuIose by severe wood ceIIuIose by severe
acid hydroIysis to remove acid hydroIysis to remove
the amorphous ceIIuIose the amorphous ceIIuIose
portions, yieIding particIes portions, yieIding particIes
PH PH101 101 powder powder
PH PH102 102 more aggIomerated, more aggIomerated,
Iarger particIe size, sIightIy Iarger particIe size, sIightIy
better fIuidity but not better fIuidity but not
significant decrease in significant decrease in
compressibiIity compressibiIity
Most compressibIe Most compressibIe
Highest diIution potentiaI Highest diIution potentiaI
A strong compact is formed A strong compact is formed
due to the extremeIy Iarge due to the extremeIy Iarge
number of cIean surfaces number of cIean surfaces
brought in contact during brought in contact during
the pIastic deformation and the pIastic deformation and
the strength of the the strength of the
hydrogen bonds formed hydrogen bonds formed
ExtremeIy Iow coefficient of ExtremeIy Iow coefficient of
friction, no Iubricant friction, no Iubricant
requirement requirement
When > When >20 20% of drugs or % of drugs or
other excipients are added, other excipients are added,
Not used as the onIy fiIIer Not used as the onIy fiIIer
because of its cost and because of its cost and
density density
UsuaIIy used in the conc of UsuaIIy used in the conc of
10 10- -25 25% as a fiIIer % as a fiIIer- -binder binder- -
disintegrant, rapid passage disintegrant, rapid passage
of water into the compact of water into the compact
and the instantaneous and the instantaneous
rupture of hydrogen bonds rupture of hydrogen bonds
FIuidity is poor because of FIuidity is poor because of
its reIativeIy smaII particIe its reIativeIy smaII particIe
size, smaII amount of size, smaII amount of
gIidant are recommended in gIidant are recommended in
the formuIations containing the formuIations containing
high conc of MCC high conc of MCC
TabIets are soften on TabIets are soften on
exposure to high humidities exposure to high humidities
This softening is reversibIe This softening is reversibIe
when tabIets are removed when tabIets are removed
from the humid environment from the humid environment
>>80 80% MCC may sIow the % MCC may sIow the
dissoIution rates of AI dissoIution rates of AI
$maII particIes get $maII particIes get
physicaIIy trapped between physicaIIy trapped between
the deformed MCC particIes, the deformed MCC particIes,
which deIays wetting and which deIays wetting and
dissoIution dissoIution
This phenomenon can be This phenomenon can be
overcome by adding overcome by adding
portions of water soIubIe portions of water soIubIe
excipient excipient
Inorganic caIcium saIts Inorganic caIcium saIts
DicaIcium phosphate DicaIcium phosphate
(Emcompress or DiTab) (Emcompress or DiTab)
Free fIowing aggregates of Free fIowing aggregates of
smaII microcrystaIs that smaII microcrystaIs that
shatter upon compaction shatter upon compaction
Inexpensive and possesses Inexpensive and possesses
a high degree of physicaI a high degree of physicaI
and chemicaI stabiIity and chemicaI stabiIity
Nonhygroscopic at a RH of Nonhygroscopic at a RH of
$IightIy aIkaIine with a pH of $IightIy aIkaIine with a pH of
7 7..0 0 to to 7 7..3 3
PrecIudes its use with AI PrecIudes its use with AI
that are sensitive to even that are sensitive to even
minimaI amounts of minimaI amounts of
aIkaIinity aIkaIinity
TricaIcium phosphate (TriTab) TricaIcium phosphate (TriTab)
is Iess compressibIe and Iess is Iess compressibIe and Iess
soIubIe, higher ratio of soIubIe, higher ratio of
#eferences #eferences
u|LM u|LM ( (L L..LvMn LvMn) )
Pharmaceutics. The science of Pharmaceutics. The science of
dosage forms design. (M.E. dosage forms design. (M.E.
AuIton) AuIton)
The theory and practice of The theory and practice of
industriaI pharmacy. industriaI pharmacy.
PharmaceuticaI dosage forms PharmaceuticaI dosage forms
: TabIets. VoIume : TabIets. VoIume 2 2..
PharmaceuticaI dosage forms PharmaceuticaI dosage forms