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What is Biology?
= organisms
study of
Nutrition
Process of obtaining food Functions of food:
To release energy by respiration As raw materials for growth To keep organisms healthy
Green plants: by photosynthesis to make food Animals: depend on other organisms for food (i.e. to eat other organisms)
Respiration
The process of releasing energy from food to support daily activities Carbon Food + Oxygen + Water dioxide + Energy Aerobic respiration : requires oxygen Anaerobic respiration : does not require oxygen
Movement
Movement in animals:
Can move from place to place
Locomotion
Movement
Movement in plants:
Cannot move their whole bodies Cannot move from place to place By growth Slow Purposes of movement in plants:
To get more sunlight for photosynthesis To reach more water for absorption
Growth
Increase in size Increase in complexity Irreversible Animals grow faster than plants Animals
occur all over the body stop growing when reached a certain size
Plants
occur at only some regions of the body throughout their lives
Irritability (Sensitivity)
To detect changes from the To detect stimuli from the environment To make suitable responses to the changes Animals: to make responses quickly by movement Plants: to make responses slowly by growth
Reproduction
To produce offspring similar to their parents To enable them to continue to exist through generations
To avoid extinction
Excretion
The removal of metabolic wastes produced by the body Metabolic wastes are harmful when accumulated Metabolic wastes include:
Carbon dioxide Urea Faeces Not produced by the body
Excretion
Animals remove metabolic wastes by:
sweating breathing out urination
Nature of science
The world is understandable
People can discover patterns in all of nature
Nature of science
Scientific ideas are dynamic and subject to change
New discoveries may challenge preexisting theories
Nature of science
Scientific knowledge is durable
Modification of ideas is the norm in science
Nature of science
Science cannot provide complete answers to all questions
Scientific method
Making observations Asking questions Proposing a hypothesis Making predictions Doing experiments
If the hypothesis is rejected
Drawing conclusions
Variables
Independent variable
can be manipulated during the experiment
Dependent variable
cannot be manipulated during the experiment its change is caused by the change in the independent variable during the experiment
Controlled variable
maintained constant throughout the experiment
Observation
Asking question
Proposing hypothesis
Making prediction
Doing experiments
Independent variable
Presence / absence of cover
Dependent variable
Presence / absence of flies
Controlled variables
Size of meat used Kind of meat used Size of jar used Temperature Time
Doing experiments
Experimental set-up
Doing experiment
Control set-up
Drawing conclusion
Forwarding questions
Does this experiment REALLY support his hypothesis?? i.e. are there any mistakes in the design of the experiment that may not allow the result obtained to draw the conclusion he wants?