New Operators: CROSS JOIN, NATURAL JOIN,USING,ON and JOIN

Cross join SQL> SELECT empno,dept.deptno FROM emp CROSS JOIN dept;
Without statement:

SQL> SELECT empno,dept.deptno from emp,dept;

Natural Join SQL>SELECT empno,deptno,dname FROM emp NATURAL JOIN dept; USING SQL>SELECT empid,dname FROM emp JOIN dept USING (deptno);

New Outer Join Operations

SQL> SELECT a.empno, b.deptno, b.dname FROM emp a RIGHT OUTER JOIN dept b ON (a.deptno=b.deptno);

Full Outer Joins

SQL> SELECT a.empno, a.deptno, b.dname FROM emp a FULL OUTER JOIN dept b ON(a.deptno=b.deptno); --Prior to 9i SQL> SELECT a.empno, a.deptno, b.dname FROM emp a, dept b WHERE a.deptno=b.deptno(+) UNION SELECT a.empno,a.deptno, b.dname FROM emp a, dept b WHERE a.deptno(+)=b.deptno;

CASE Expression Enhancements Simple

SQL> SELECT ename, (CASE deptno WHEN 10 THEN ACCOUNTING WHEN 20 THEN RESEARCH WHEN 30 THEN SALES WHEN 40 THEN OPERATIONS ELSE Unassigned END) as Department FROM emp;

Searched
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, deptno, CASE WHEN sal <=500 THEN 0 WHEN Sal > 500 and sal<1500 THEN 100 WHEN sal >=1500 and sal<= 2500 and deptno=10 THEN 200 WHEN sal >1500 and sal < 2500 and deptno=20 THEN 500 WHEN sal >=2500 THEN 300 ELSE 0 END Bonus FROM emp;

NULLIF and COALESCE

SQL> SELECT ename, NULLIF(comm,0) COMM FROM emp; SQL> SELECT ename, COALESCE (comm,0) COMM FROM emp;

Scalar Subqueries
SQL> SELECT empno, (SELECT ename FROM emp b WHERE b.empno=a.mgr) manager FROM emp a ORDER BY mgr;

Another Example: SQL> SELECT empno,ename,deptno FROM emp a ORDER BY (SELECT dname FROM dept b WHERE a.deptno=b.deptno);
In this case, a column that is not readily available in the EMP table, and not even one is not displayed in the query. Scalar subqueries are still not valid in Oracle 9i in the following cases: In check constraints In when conditions of case expressions In group by and having clauses In start with and connect by clauses

New SQL Functionality

Explicit Column-value Defaults
SQL> CREATE TABLE my_table ( id NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY, uname VARCHAR2(30) DEFAULT UNKNOWN); SQL> ALTER TABLE my_table MODIFY ( uname DEFAULT UNDEFINED);

SQL> INSERT INTO my_table VALUES (1, DEFAULT); SQL> INSERT INTO my_table VALUES (2, Not a default); SQL> UPDATE my_table set uname=DEFAULT WHERE id=2;

Select for update wait

SQL> SELECT * FROM my_table FOR UPDATE WAIT 3;

New Date-Time Functions

SQL> SELECT sessiontimezone, current_date from dual; SQL>ALTER session set TIME_ZONE=-4:0; SQL> SELECT sessiontimezone, current_date FROM dual; SQL>SELECT EXTRACT(year from SYSTIMESTAMP) year, EXTRACT(month from SYSTIMESTAMP) month FROM DUAL;

Current_timestamp: Return the current date based on the session time zone using a timestamp with time zone data type localtimestamp: Returns the current date and time using the session time zone. The time value is returned using a timestamp data type. Dbtimezone: Returns the value of the database time zone. To_timestamp: Converts a character string to a timestamp.

New PL/SQL Functionality

The CASE Statement and Expression SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_function(p_input NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS v_return NUMBER; BEGIN v_return:=CASE p_input WHEN .10 then 10 WHEN .25 then 25 ELSE 50 END; RETURN v_return; END;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_function(p_input NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS v_return NUMBER; BEGIN v_return:=CASE WHEN p_input < 1000 THEN 0 WHEN p_input BETWEEN 1000 AND 10000 THEN 1000 ELSE 2000 END; RETURN v_return; END;

Bulk-Bind Improvements
-Oracle9i allows to use bulk binding with Oracle collection types with the select and fetch clauses. - Bulk binding of records used in insert and update statements is also supported. -Error processing for bulk binds has been much improved. -Bulk error handling is provided through the use of the new save exceptions keyword in a forall statement. -All errors will be stored in a new Oracle cursor attribute, %bulk_exceptions . This cursor stores the error number and message with in it for each SQL error. - The total number of errors is also stored as an attribute of %bulk_exceptions(%bulk_exceptions.count).

An example of bulk-bind operation that uses the save exceptions :

v_count number; TYPE t_salary is TBLE OF NUMBER; TYPE t_empno IS TABLE OF NUMBER; v_salary t_salary:=t_salary(1000,2000,3000,4000,5000); v_empno t_empno:=t_empno(100,101,102,103,104); BEGIN FORALL v_count IN 1..5 SAVE EXCEPTIONS INSERT INTO salary (pay_date,pay_amount,empno) VALUES (SYSDATE, v_salary(v_count)/12, v_empno(v_count));

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(count = || v_count); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Number of errors recorded || SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS.COUNT); FOR counter IN 1..SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS.COUNT LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Record Number: ||counter); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (Error Code: || SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS(counter).error_code); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Error Message: || SQLERRM(SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS(counter).ERROR_I NDEX)); END LOOP;

Native Dynamic SQL Enhancements

-Oracle9i has enhanced native dynamic SQL, adding bulk fetch support for cursors, and support for bulk execute immediate. -Furthure support for the forall statement, including collect into. Example of bulk binding with Dynamic SQL: DECLARE TYPE v_number_table IS TABLE OF NUMBER; v_num_list v_number_table;

BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE SELECT empno FROM emp WHERE deptno=10 BULK COLLECT INTO v_num_list; END;

 Example of setting an audit policy in Oracle Database 10g: Begin Dbms_fga.add_policy( Object_schema=>retiree, Object_name=>personal_info, Policy_name=>retire_policy, Audit_condition=Null, Audit_column=>SSN, Enable=>TRUE Statement_type=>update, delete); END; /

Rollup & Cube Operarions

>SELECT job, TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'YYYY') YEAR, deptno, SUM(sal) SUM_SAL FROM emp GROUP BY ROLLUP(job,TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'YYYY'), deptno);

Rollup & Cube Operations (contd.)

>SELECT job, TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'YYYY') YEAR, deptno, SUM(sal) SUM_SAL FROM emp GROUP BY CUBE(job, TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'YYYY'), deptno);

Inserting Rows Into Multiple Tables

>INSERT ALL INTO dept1(deptno,dname,loc) VALUES(deptno, dname,loc) INTO dept2(deptno,dname,loc) VALUES (deptno,dname,loc) SELECT * FROM dept;

MERGE Statement
>MERGE INTO incr D USING (SELECT empno,sal FROM emp) S ON (D.empno=S.empno) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET D.incramt=D.incramt + S.sal*01, D.incrdate=SYSDATE WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES(S.empno, S.sal*0.1, SYSDATE)