STRESS ANALYSIS

DR. MUHAMMAD ABID

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR - FME
TOPIC
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
LECTURE
1
Introduction

Stress Strain
Concepts
2
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 2
Shearing Stress
Under applied Forces are applied transverse forces P and
P to the member AB, Corresponding internal forces act in
the plane of section C and are called shearing forces.
A
P
=
ave
t
The corresponding average shear stress is,
The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is
defined as the shear of the section and is equal to the load P.
A
F
A
P
= =
ave
t
Single Shear
A
F
A
P
2
ave
= = t
Double Shear
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STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 3
Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
d t
P
A
P
= =
b
o
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 4
Determine the stresses in the
members and connections of
the structure shown.
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Normal stresses:
Rod is in tension
Boom is in compression
Shearing stresses:
Pin C is in single shear
Pin A is in double shear
Pin B is in _______ shear
Bearing stress
At A in the boom AB, 53.3
MPa
At C in Bracket 32 MPa
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STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 5
u u
u
u
t
u
u
u
o
u
u
cos sin
cos
sin
cos
cos
cos
0
0
2
0
0
A
P
A
P
A
V
A
P
A
P
A
F
= = =
= = =
The average normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane are
Stress on an Oblique Plane
u u sin cos P V P F = =
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 6
The maximum normal stress occurs when the
reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
0
0
m
= ' = t o
A
P
The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at
+ 45
o
with respect to the axis,
o t ' = = =
0 0
2
45 cos 45 sin
A
P
A
P
m
Maximum Stresses
u u t u o cos sin cos
0
2
0
A
P
A
P
= =
Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
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STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 7
Normal Strain and Stress-Strain Diagram
strain normal
stress
= =
= =
L
A
P
o
c
o
Brittle Materials
Ductile Materials
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STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 8
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
Below the yield stress
Elasticity of Modulus
or Modulus Youngs =
=
E
Ec o
Strength is affected by alloying,
heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.
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STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 9
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
If the strain disappears when the
stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.
When the strain does not return
to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.
The largest stress for which this
occurs is called the elastic limit.
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STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 10
Fatigue
Fatigue properties are shown on
S-N diagrams.
When the stress is reduced below
the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.
A member may fail due to fatigue
at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 11
Deformations Under Axial Loading
AE
P
E
E = = =
o
c c o
From Hookes Law:
From the definition of strain:
L
o
c =
Equating and solving for the deformation,
AE
PL
= o
With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,

=
i i i
i i
E A
L P
o
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STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 12
2
2 1
2 1
in 9 . 0
in. 12
= =
= =
A A
L L
2
3
3
in 3 . 0
in. 16
=
=
A
L
Apply free-body analysis to each
component to determine internal forces,
lb 10 30
lb 10 15
lb 10 60
3
3
3
2
3
1
=
=
=
P
P
P
Evaluate total deflection,
( ) ( ) ( )
in. 10 9 . 75
3 . 0
16 10 30
9 . 0
12 10 15
9 . 0
12 10 60
10 29
1
1
3
3 3 3
6
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1

=
(
(

+

+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
A
L P
A
L P
A
L P
E E A
L P
i i i
i i
o
in. 10 9 . 75
3
= o
in. 618 . 0 in. 07 . 1
psi 10 29
6
= =
=

d D
E
Determine the deformation of the
steel rod shown under given loads.
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 14
Stresses in Vessels
Membrane stress pattern is totally changed for any variation in geometry as shown
in Figure above, i.e.
At Nozzle-cylinder
Flat End of Cylinder
Sphere-cylinder
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STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 15
Factor of Safety
stress allowable
stress ultimate
safety of Factor
all
u
= =
=
o
o
FS
FS
Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the
working stresses are less than the
ultimate strength of the material.
Factor of safety considerations:
uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to structures
integrity
risk to life and property
influence on machine function
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Cylindrical vessel with principal stresses
o
1
= hoop stress
o
2
= longitudinal stress
( ) ( )
t
pr
x r p x t F
z
=
A A = =

1
1
2 2 0
o
o
Hoop stress:
( ) ( )
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
2 0
o o
o
t t o
=
=
= =

t
pr
r p rt F
x
Longitudinal stress:
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Points A and B correspond to hoop stress, o
1
,
and longitudinal stress, o
2

Maximum in-plane shearing stress:
t
pr
4 2
1
2 ) plane in max(
= =

o t
Maximum out-of-plane shearing stress
corresponds to a 45
o
rotation of the plane
stress element around a longitudinal axis
t
pr
2
2 max
= =o t
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Spherical pressure vessel:
t
pr
2
2 1
= =o o
Mohrs circle for in-plane
transformations reduces to a point
0
constant
plane) - max(in
2 1
=
= = =
t
o o o

Maximum out-of-plane shearing
stress
t
pr
4
1
2
1
max
= = o t
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 19
Stresses in Vessels
Stresses in
Cylindrical Vessel
Stresses in Spherical Vessel
Stresses in Thick
Cylinders
Hoop Stress =
Axial stress =
Hoop = Axial =
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
Basic concepts for stress analysis
Equilibrium: external and internal
loading
Strain displacement compatibility
Constitutive relationships (for
material behavior, v,E)
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 22
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 23
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 24
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 25
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 26
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 27
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 28
Stresses in Vessels
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.
STRESS ANALYSIS
L2 - 29
Stresses in Vessels