Terminology

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00

Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Classification of Safety Devices Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms

Classification of safety devices

Pressure Relief Devices

Reclosing Devices

Non-reclosing Devices

Rupture Disc
Loading Principle

Definition of Back Pressure

Direct-load

Controlled

Pin-actuated Device

Controlled Safety Pressure Relief System Spring loaded Weight loaded Pilot-Operated Safety Valve

Function

Relief Valve*

Safety Valve*

Safety Relief Valve*

Snap-acting

Modulating
*acc. to ASME

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Definition of Terms
Pressure Relief Devices A pressure relief device designed to open and relieve excess pressure and to re-close and prevent the further flow of fluid after normal conditions have been restored.

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Loading Principle

Spring Loaded Pressure Relief Valves A pressure relief valve in which the opening and closing of the valve is controlled by a spring.

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Loading Principle

Weight Loaded Pressure Relief Valve A pressure relief valve in which the opening and closing of the valve is controlled by a weight.

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Loading Principle

Pilot-Operated Safety Valves A pressure relief valve in which the main valve is combined with and controlled by an auxiliary pressure relief valve (pilot-controlled).

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Loading Principle
Rupture Disc / Safety Valve Combination A system consisting of a main valve in combination with a prepended rupture disc. The bursting pressure of the rupture disc is equal to the set pressure of the safety valve.

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Summary Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Overpressure and blowdown

*% of set pressure

Overpressure

Blowdown

Steam / Gases

Liquids

Steam / Gases

Liquids

ASME I

3%

< 67 psig 4 psig 67 . 250 psig 6%* > 250 375 psig 15 psig > 375 psig 4%* 7% with blowdown ring No requirements without blowdown ring 7% 7% 7% 15 % 10 %

ASME VIII

10 %

10 %

No requirements

ASME Multiple Valve Application ASME Fire Case API 520 DIN EN ISO 4126-1 AD 2000-Merkblatt A2

16 % 21 % 10 % 10 % 5 % or 10 % Standard

16 % 10 % 10 % 10 %

No requirements 20 % 20 % 20 %

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Definition of Terms
Overpressure The pressure increase over the set pressure of the Pressure Relief Valve allowed to achieve rated flow.

Lift (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121

Overpressure 10 %

Pressure (%)

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Definition of Terms
Blowdown The difference between the set pressure and the closing pressure of a Pressure Relief Valve (expressed as a percentage of set pressure).

Lift (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 98 100

Blowdown
Vessel Pressure (%)

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Opening Characteristics Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Opening Characteristics
Relief Valve A spring loaded pressure relief valve actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve. The valve opens in proportion to the pressure increase over the opening pressure. Used primarily with liquid service (non-compressible).
Lift [%]
100

80

60

40

20

ps

p Pressure [%]

90

100

110

p = set pressure pp = popping pressure

pc = opening pressure ps = blowdown

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Opening Characteristics Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Opening Characteristics
Safety Valve A spring loaded pressure Safety valve actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve and characterized by rapid opening or pop-action. Used primarily with compressible (gas / vapor / steam) service.

Lift [%]
100

Standard 10% Pop-Acting

pc

80

60

40

20

ps

Pressure [%]
80 90 100 105 110 120

p = set pressure pp = popping pressure

pc = opening pressure ps = blowdown

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Definition of Terms

Cold Differential Test Pressure (CDTP) The pressure at which a Pressure Relief Valve is adjusted to open on the test stand. It includes corrections for the service conditions of constant back pressure or temperature or both.

Lift (%)
100

Set pressure
80 60 40 20 0 94 96 98 100 102

CDTP

Pressure (%)
104 106 108 110 112

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms

Definition of Terms

Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) The maximum gauge pressure allowed at the top of a completed vessel. Design pressure may be used instead of MAWP in all cases where the MAWP has not been established. Design pressure is equal to or less than MAWP. Accumulation The pressure increase over the MAWP of the vessel allowed during discharge through the Pressure Relief Valve (governed by applicable codes). Maximum Allowable Accumulated Pressure The sum of the MAWP and the accumulation.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure Maximum Allowable Accumulation Pressure Single Valve

Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Lift (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0

Operating Pressure

Vessel Pressure (%)

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Safety Valve Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Safety Valve

Conventional Pressure Relief Valve

Cap H2 Lock nut Adjusting screw Needle bearing Spring plate Spring Spindle Bonnet Split ring Spring plate Stud Nut Guide Gasket Bellows Screw Ball Lock screw Disc Adjusting ring Body Nozzle

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Bonnets
Open Bonnet
Spring cooled by atmosphere

Closed Bonnet
Completely sealed safety valve

Bonnets

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Objectives Organizations and General Design Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

General Design
Full Nozzle
Type 526

Semi Nozzle
Type 441

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Sealing Surface Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Sealing Surface
To prevent leakage and costly product loss as well as reduce downtime and maintenance costs, LESER offers optional sealing surfaces.
Stellited

O-ring disc

Vulcanized Soft Seal

Sealing Plate

For temperatures below + 450 C / + 842 F Protection of sealing surface against abrasive media Corrosion resistance Resistance against impacts and changing temperatures

Operation close to set pressure Increased tightness compensates particles on seat and/or disc Vibrations restraining Corrosive fluids

Same use as O-ring disc Only available for Compact Performance Series Due to the small disc size, vulcanized soft seals have a minimum set pressure of 0.2 bar / 2.9 psig

Same use as O-ring disc Also applicable for very low temperatures own to 270 C / - 454 F depending on the sealing materials

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Lifting Devices Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Lifting Devices
Open Lever
Not gas-tight

Packed Lever
Gas-tight manual lifting possible

ASME Code states that a lifting device must be used on: air, steam and hot water applications over 140 F.

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Caps Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Caps
Bolted Cap (H1)
Only if specification demands

Screwed Cap (H2)

Standard on LESER valves

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Test Gag Definition of Back Pressure

Test Gag
Safety Valve In Use Gagged for Line Testing

The safety valve has to be gagged to perform a pressure test of the plant, otherwise the valve has to be removed or a blind has to be installed before.

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms

Heating Jacket
In applications with highly viscous fluids (low Reynolds number) a heating jacket with heated spacer ensures:

The proper function of a safety valve The safety valve will not clog

Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Heating Jacket

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Objectives Organizations and General Design Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

General Design
Flanged connection
Type 441 Type 526

Threaded connection
Type 437 Type 459

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Special Materials Back Pressure

Special Materials
As a global supplier, LESER can offer valve components in numerous materials. Especially the Compact Performance and Type 526 are consequently focused to fulfil the requirements of high alloy materials. These include the levelconcept, special cast supplier and short delivery times. Examples for high alloy materials are:

Hastelloy Monel Duplex Stainless Steel Titanium Tantalum Alloy 20 Inconel

Please check with your local LESER contact for availability, pricing and delivery information.
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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Definition of Terms
Set Pressure The inlet gauge pressure at which the Pressure Relief Valve is set to open.

Each manufacturer defines set pressure differently LESER defines set pressure as: Initial Audible discharge for vapor / gas / steam First Steady Stream for liquids
Lift (%)
100 80 60 40 20

Competitors

LESER

Set to pop
0 94 96 98 100 102 104

Set to initial audible discharge Pressure (%)

106 108 110 121

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Definition of Terms
Simmer The audible or visible escape of compressible fluid between the seat and disc of the Pressure Relief Valve prior to set-point: LESER valves do NOT simmer before reaching the set pressure, unlike some of our competitors Competitors typical values are between 93 and 98 % (depending on valve design)
Lift (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121

Competitors

LESER

Simmer Pressure (%)

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Definition of Terms

Flutter The abnormal, rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts of a pressure relief valve in which the disc does NOT contact the nozzle Chatter The abnormal, rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts of a pressure relief valve in which the disc contacts the nozzle Possible causes for the above include: Inlet pressure drop too high Excessive back pressure Oversized valve

Lift (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0 94 96 98

Flutter

Lift (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0

Chatter

100

102

104

106

108

110

121

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

121

Vessel Pressure (%)

Vessel Pressure (%)

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Terms Definition of Back Pressure

Definition of Terms

Effective Discharge Area The theoretical area of flow through a pressure relief valve, as defined in API 526: independent of any specific valve design or manufacturer Used in API sizing calculations for orifice selection

Effective Coefficient of Discharge The nominal value used with an effective discharge area to calculate the minimum required relieving capacity of a pressure relief valve: 0.975 vapor / gas / steam 0.65 liquids

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Definition of Terms Definition of Definition of Back Pressure Back Pressure

Definition of Back Pressure

Back Pressure The pressure that exists at the outlet of a Pressure Relief Valve as a result of the pressure in the discharge system. It is the sum of the superimposed and built-up back pressures. Built-up Back Pressure The increase in pressure at the outlet of a Pressure Relief Valve that develops as a result of flow after the Pressure Relief Valve opens. Always variable! Superimposed Back Pressure The static pressure that exists at the outlet of the Pressure Relief Valve at the time the valve is required to operate. It is the result of pressure in the discharge system coming from other sources and may be constant, variable or both.

Back Pressure = Built-up + Superimposed

Note: The variable portion of the back pressure should not exceed the allowable accumulation; otherwise, a bellows or Pilot-Operated Safety Valve should be used.

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Objectives Organizations and Associations Classification of Safety Devices Definition of Terms Loading Principle Opening Characteristics Balanced of Terms Definition Bellows Definition of Back Pressure

Balanced Bellows

Compensation of Back Pressure The installation of a balanced bellows compensates the force of the back pressure in closing direction. The safety valve works proper. Back pressure compensation in %: LESER API Series 526: up to 50 % All other LESER safety valve equipped with a balanced bellows: up to 35 % Fp Fb Fs

Balanced Bellows

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