7 8end|ng of 1h|n |ates

A sheeL of maLerlal whose Lhlckness ls small compared

wlLh lLs oLher dlmenslons buL whlch ls capable of
reslsLlng bendlng ln addlLlon Lo membrane forces
1hese bendlng momenLs are poslLlve when Lhey
produce compresslon aL Lhe upper surface of Lhe plaLe
and Lenslon aL Lhe lower
M
x
ooJ M
y
momeot pet oolt leoqtb
1wo approaches are presenLed ln Lhls chapLer Lo
solve for Lhe plaLe bendlng problem
1 An 'exacL' Lheory based on Lhe soluLlon of a
dlfferenLlal equaLlon
2 An energy meLhod relylng on Lhe prlnclple of
Lhe sLaLlonary value of Lhe LoLal poLenLlal energy
of Lhe plaLe and lLs applled loadlng
7.1 Pure Bending of Thin PIates
lane secLlon remalns plane afLer bendlng neuLral
plane o
p
x
and p
y
are Lhe radll of curvaLure of Lhe neuLral plane
n ln Lhe xz and yz planes respecLlvely
an elemenL of Lhe plaLe of slde xy and havlng a depLh
equal Lo Lhe Lhlckness t of Lhe plaLe
z
x
y
Conslder plaLe elemenL aL dlsLanL z from neuLral surface
lrom slmple beam Lheory
lrom
z
x
y
)

/
/ /
2
p
=
p
p + p
= s
A
d
z
p
x
n n
x
Z
Lqulllbrlum beLween Lhe lnLernal dlrecL sLress
dlsLrlbuLlon and Lhe applled bendlng momenL provlde
lrom eqs
ulrecL sLresses vary llnearly across Lhe Lhlckness of Lhe
plaLe Lhelr magnlLudes dependlng on Lhe curvaLures
of Lhe plaLe
1oLal bendlng momenL along Lhe y axls
1oLal bendlng momenL along Lhe x axls
sLrlp area on zy plane
arm of Lhe momenL from dlrecL sLress
SubsLlLuLlng for o
x
and o
y
from
u Lhe flexural rlgldlLy of Lhe plaLe 1hen
and
lnLo and
LeL
We have
LeL w deflecLlon of any polnL on Lhe plaLe ln Lhe z dlrecLlon
1he negaLlve slgns resulLlng from Lhe facL LhaL Lhe
cenLres of curvaLure occur above Lhe plaLe ln whlch
reglon z ls negaLlve so
1 lf M
x
0
8elaLlon beLween M
x

M
y
and w
and lf M
y
0
A surface possesslng Lwo curvaLures of opposlLe slgn ls
known as an ootlclostlc sotfoce
A surface possesslng Lwo curvaLures of same slgn ls
known as an syoclostlc sotfoce
SynclasLlc bendlng
1hen Lhe deformed shape of Lhe plaLe ls spherlcal and
of curvaLure
2 lf M
x
M
y
M Lhen from
and
we have
72 |ates Sub[ected to 8end|ng and 1w|st|ng
M
xy
ls a LwlsLlng or LangenLlal momenL lnLenslLy ln a
verLlcal x plane parallel Lo Lhe y axls le x dlrecLlon
M
yx
ls a LwlsLlng or LangenLlal momenL lnLenslLy ln a
verLlcal y plane parallel Lo Lhe x axls le y dlrecLlon
oslLlve clockwlse when vlewed along lLs axls"
Powever Lhese LwlsLlng
momenLs or Lorques are
reslsLed by a sysLem of
horlzonLal shear sLresses
r
xy
from :
xy
:
yx
Lhen
z
x
y
:
yx
1herefore plaLe bendlng problem can be represenLed
by uslng only M
x
M
y
ooJ M
xy
for exLernal loadlng
M
x
M
y
and M
xy
applled on Lhe plaLe as shown
wlll creaLe LangenLlal and normal momenL M
t
and M
o
aL Lhe secLlon CA along llne lu ln Lhe
plaLe as shown ln flgure below
A
8
C
I|nd|ng tangent|a| and norma| moment M
t
and M
n
o l sln- j cos-
n L
x
y
-
-
t l cos- j sln-
M
x
M
x
(A8) j M
y
M
y
(8C) l M
xy
M
xy
(A8) l
M
xy
M
xy
(8C) j M
n
M
o
(AC) o M
t
M
t
(AC) t
lrom equlllbrlum ln Lhe o dlrecLlon
M
n
+ M
x
o - M
y
o - M
xy
o - M
xy
o 0
M
o
AC M
x
A8cos- M
y
8C sln- + M
xy
A8 sln- + M
xy
8C cos- 0
So
Slmllarly for equlllbrlum ln t dlrecLlon
M
o
on Lhose planes are called pr|nc|pa| moments and
Lhelr correspondlng curvaLure called pr|nc|pa| curvatures
Also no shear sLress on Lhose planes and dlrecL sLresses
are greaLesL and leasL values
lor
Solvlng Lhe above eq geL 2 values for - le 2
perpendlcular planes LhaL has M
t
0
ke|at|onsh|p between the tw|st|ng moment M
xy
and
p|ate def|ect|on w
Cn face A8Cu LoLal LwlsLlng momenL
and on lace AulL
or
from
dA
arm of Lhe momenL
1herefore
(:
xy
C
xy
)
(2 u LlasLlc 8elaLlonshlp)
1hen
SubsLlLuLe lnLo we have
8eplaclng C by Lhe expresslon /2(1-)
8oLaLlon Jw/Jx of an elemenL ln Lhe
xz plane
lrom
MulLlplylng Lhe numeraLor and denomlnaLor of Lhls
equaLlon by Lhe facLor (1-) ylelJs
73 |ates sub[ected to a D|str|buted 1ransverse Load
8elaLlon beLween M
xy
and
w
verLlcal shear forces C
x
and C
y
per unlL lengLh
resulLlng from Lransverse load q acLed on faces
perpendlcular Lo Lhe x and y axes
Assume
1 no varlaLlon on r
xz
and r
yz
on small edges x y of
Lhe elemenL Powever
xz
and
yz
are zero due Lo
plane secLlon remaln plane
2 1he resulLanL shear forces O
x
y and O
y
x are
assumed Lo acL Lhrough Lhe cenLrold of Lhe faces of
Lhe elemenL
lor equlllbrlum ln Lhe z dlrecLlon
er unlL lengLh
2
1aklng momenLs abouL Lhe x axls
x
Slmllarly Lake momenLs abouL Lhe y axls
Comblne eqs lrom equlllbrlum and momenLs all LogeLher
1ake derlvaLlve of O
y
andO
x
wrL y and x
Lq for plaLe sub[ecLed Lo Lransversed loadlng
8eplace M
x
M
y
and M
xy
uslng eqs 8elaLed Lo w
Laplace operaLor ln Lwo dlmenslons
Cnly 2 boundary condlLlons are requlred Lo solve
for Lhe soluLlon of equaLlon above
lrom replace M
xy
and M
x
wlLh w
lrom
replace M
xy
and M
y
wlLh w
8elaLlon beLween O
x
O
y
and deflecLlon w
Summary of Lquat|ons
1 Covernlng equaLlon for plaLe bendlng
2 8elaLlon beLween momenLs shears force and deflecLlon
le use for boundary condlLlons
3 LquaLlons Lo flnd lnLernal momenL due Lo loadlng
Powever Lhe condlLlon LhaL w 0 along Lhe edge x 0
also means LhaL
ls Lhe edge of Lhe Lhln plaLe
LhaL ls free Lo roLaLe (noL
reslsL momenL) buL noL Lo
deflecL so bendlng momenL ls
zero as well as deflecLlon
1he S|mp|y Supported Ldge
x0
and hence 8C are
1he 8u||tIn Ldge
Moreover Lhe slope of Lhe mlddle plane of Lhe
plaLe normal Lo Lhls edge musL be zero due Lo w
0 so Lhe 8C are
8ullLln or flrmly clamped edge can nelLher roLaLe
(reslsL momenL M 0) nor deflecL (w 0)
1he Iree Ldge
Along a free edge Lhere are no bendlng momenLs
LwlsLlng momenLs or verLlcal shearlng forces
or
Powever only 2 condlLlons are requlred Lo solve for Lhe
equaLlon for plaLe bendlng so Lhe boundary condlLlons
lnvolved wlLh zero LwlsLlng momenL and zero shear ls
replaced by a slngle equlvalenL condlLlon
Conslder 2 ad[acenL elemenLs 0y
1
and 0y
2
along Lhe
edge
1he LwlsLlng momenL M
xy
y
1
ls replaced by forces M
xy
wlLh a dlsLance y
1
aparL
1he LwlsLlng momenL M
xy
-(M
xy
/y)yy
2
ls replaced
by forces M
xy
-(M
xy
/y)y wlLh a dlsLance y
2
aparL
Cn e|ements 0

Cn e|ements 0

kemark 1wlsLlng momenL M

xy
ls a momenL per unlL
lengLh so lL has a dlmenslon of force
AL Lhe common surface of Lhe Lwo ad[acenL elemenLs
A resulLanL force
So Lhe verLlcal force per unlL lengLh
Sum forces along Lhe edge x 0 we have
8eplace O
x
and M
xy
by w
lrom Lhe condlLlon LhaL M
x
0 along Lhe edge x 0
1
sL
8C
2
nd
8C
Powever Lhe replacemenL of Lhe LwlsLlng momenL M
xy
along Lhe edges x 0 and x a of a Lhln plaLe by a
verLlcal force dlsLrlbuLlon resulLs ln lefLover
concenLraLed forces aL Lhe corners of M
xy
Slmllarly when done wlLh M
yx
Lhere ls a lefLover
concenLraLed forces aL Lhe corners of M
yx
nexL ls Lo deLermlne Lhe dlrecLlon of Lhese forces le
M
xy
and M
yx
1he dlrecLlon of Lhese forces M
xy
aL Lhe corner can be
deLermlned from known deflecLed shape
lor example aL x y 0 wlLh slmply supporLed along
four edge and unlform load
ls poslLlve and lncreaslng wlLh y so ls
poslLlve hence M
xy
( ) ls poslLlve and M
yx
ls
negaLlve resulLed ln 2M
xy
downward aL Lhe corner
N N

N N N
M
xy
M
yx
M
xy
{M
xy
)2M
xy
Case Study
A Lhln recLangular plaLe of dlmenslons oxb slmply
supporLed along each of lLs four edges and carrylng a
dlsLrlbuLed load (x y)
Govern|ng Lquat|on
8oundary Cond|t|ons
y
x
y
x0
xa
a
b
y0
yb
8epresenLlng Lhe deflecLlon w and as an lnflnlLe
LrlgonomeLrlcal or lourler serles
mulLlplylng boLh sldes of dlsLrlbuLed load eq by
slo(m

nx/o) slo(ony/b) and lnLegraLlng wlLh respecL Lo

x from 0 Lo o and wlLh respecL Lo y from 0 Lo b
CrLhogonal funcLlon
slnce
lL follows LhaL
, -
so
SubsLlLuLlng w and (x y) from lourler form lnLo
where
we have
so

( )
(rep|ace z + t]2 for outer surface of p|ate )
74 Comb|ned 8end|ng and In|ane Load|ng of a 1h|n
kectangu|ar |ate
So far we has been llmlLed our sLudy Lo small
deflecLlons of Lhln plaLes produced by dlfferenL forms
of Lransverse loadlng ln Lhose cases we assumed LhaL
Lhe mlddle or neuLral plane of Lhe plaLe remalned
unsLressed
Powever when plaLe ls sub[ecLed Lo lnplane Lenslle
compresslve or shear loads sLresses ln Lhe mlddle
plane do occur and Lhese sLresses lf of sufflclenL
magnlLude wlll affecL Lhe bendlng of Lhe plaLe
Where Lhe lnplane sLresses are small compared wlLh
Lhe crlLlcal buckllng sLresses lL ls sufflclenL Lo conslder
Lhe Lwo sysLems separaLely le elasLlc bendlng sysLem
and elasLlc buckllng sysLem ln whlch Lhe LoLal sLresses
are Lhen obLalned by superposlLlon
Cn Lhe oLher hand lf Lhe lnplane sLresses are noL
small Lhen Lhelr effecL on Lhe bendlng of Lhe plaLe musL
be consldered
ln plane loadlngs
of plaLe le -
x
-
y
-
xy
and -
yx
Lqulllbrlum along Cx axls
lor small deflecLlons w/x and small
(w/x)-(
2
w/x
2
)x Lhen coslnes of Lhese
angles are approxlmaLely equal Lo one
Cons|der p|ate w|th |np|ane
|oad|ng
Slmllarly for equlllbrlum ln Lhe y dlrecLlon
1 ComponenL ln Lhe z dlrecLlon due Lo Lhe -
xy
shear
loads only ls
So
Cons|der equ|||br|um a|ong
Cz ax|s contr|buted from
-
xy
-
yx
-
x
and -
y
(neglecLlng Lerms of a lower order)
2 Slmllarly Lhe conLrlbuLlon of -
yx
Lo Lhe z dlrecLlon ls
3 1he componenLs arlslng from Lhe dlrecL forces per
unlL lengLh -
x
conLrlbuLed Lo z dlrecLlon
or
whlch reduce Lo
4 Slmllarly for -
y
Pence Lhe LoLal force ln Lhe z dlrecLlon ls
(-
yx
ls equal Lo -
xy
)
Addlng Lhese forces along wlLh Lransverse load Lhen
Lhe governlng dlfferenLlal equaLlon for a Lhln plaLe
supporLlng Lransverse and lnplane loads ls
or
We have
0
0
Work ouL expresslon for
mo
as shown above for
homework
Attent|on !!!!
7S 8end|ng of 1h|n |ates hav|ng a Sma|| In|t|a|
Curvature
Suppose LhaL a Lhln plaLe has an lnlLlal curvaLure so
LhaL Lhe deflecLlon of any polnL ln lLs mlddle plane ls
w
0
1oLal deflecLlon ls now w w
0
- w
1
where w
1
ls Lhe deflecLlon caused by Lransverse and
lnplane loadlng Pence governlng equaLlon becomes
1he effecL of an lnlLlal curvaLure on deflecLlon ls
Lherefore equlvalenL Lo Lhe appllcaLlon of anoLher
Lransverse load of lnLenslLy equal Lo
Assumlng LhaL Lhe lnlLlal form of Lhe deflecLed plaLe ls
lf -
x
ls compresslve and -
y
-
xy
0 Lhen by subsLlLuLe
w
0
lnLo
0
0
where
We flnd LhaL
Attent|on !!!!
Work ouL expresslon for
mo
as shown above for
homework
76 Lnergy Method for the 8end|ng of 1h|n |ates
Stra|n Lnergy produced by 8end|ng and 1w|st|ng
1he LoLal poLenLlal energy of a sLrucLural sysLem
comprlsed Lhe lnLernal or sLraln energy of Lhe
sLrucLural member plus Lhe poLenLlal energy of Lhe
applled loadlng
Slnce shear sLraln and shorLenlng or sLreLchlng of Lhe
mlddle plane of Lhe plaLe are lgnored
Pence concern only on deflecLlon normal Lo Lhe loaded
surface of Lhe plaLe due Lo bendlng acLlon
8endlng sLraln energy due Lo
bendlng momenL M
x
(slope decreases wlLh lncreaslng x y)
8endlng sLraln energy due Lo bendlng momenL M
y
M
x
applled Lo elemenL
creaLes Lhe change ln slope
beLween lLs end (
2
w/x
2
)
1wlsLlng sLraln energy due Lo M
xy
applled along edge y
1wlsLlng sLraln energy due Lo M
xy
applled along edge x
1hen Lhe LoLal sLraln energy of Lhe elemenL
from bendlng and LwlsLlng ls
SubsLlLuLlon for M
x
M
y
and M
xy
ln Lerm of w
8earranglng eq above Lhe LoLal sLraln energy from
bendlng and LwlsLlng ls
1he LoLal sLraln energy D of Lhe recLangular plaLe a x b
lf Lhe plaLe ls sub[ecL Lo pure bendlng only Lhen M
xy
0
and hence
2
w/xy 0 Lherefore
otent|a| Lnergy of a 1ransverse Load
Conslder an elemenL x x y of Lhe Lransversely
loaded plaLe LhaL supporLs a load qxy lf Lhe
dlsplacemenL of Lhe elemenL normal Lo Lhe plaLe ls w
Lhen
1he poLenLlal energy v of Lhe LoLal load on Lhe plaLe
ls
otent|a| Lnergy of In|ane Loads
Conslder each load -
x
-
y
and -
xy
one by one Lhen use
Lhe prlnclple of superposlLlon Lo deLermlne Lhe
poLenLlal energy of Lhe loadlng sysLem when Lhey acL
slmulLaneously
1he poLenLlal energy v
x
of Lhe load -
x
y ls
1he lengLh of a small elemenL o of Lhe sLrlp ls
I|nd|ng 2
slnce w/x ls small Lhen
Pence
So
1he poLenLlal energy v
x
of Lhe -
x
loadlng ls
Slmllarly for v
y
of Lhe -
y
loadlng
nexL ls Lo flnd Lhe poLenLlal energy for n
xy
shear force
loadlng
lrom
1he shear sLraln correspondlng Lo Lhe bendlng
dlsplacemenL w ls
1he work done on Lhe elemenL by Lhe shear
force -
xy
x ls
angle uAC
1

xy
0
( uC
1

angle uC
2
C
1

uC
2

Slmllarly Lhe work done by Lhe shear force -
xy
y ls
Pence Lhe LoLal work done Laken over Lhe compleLe
plaLe ls
1he poLenLlal energy of Lhe -
xy
loads ls Lherefore
0
Case
Assume Lhe deflecLlon funcLlon ln Lerm of lourler
serles whlch saLlsfy Lhe governlng eq
1herefore Lhe compleLe lnplane loadlng sysLem provldes
poLenLlal energy equal Lo
no lnplane loadlng and q q
o
1he LoLal poLenLlal energy of Lhe plaLe ls
SubsLlLuLe w lnLo above equaLlon
Solvlng Lhe above eq
Pence
Attent|on !!! Work ouL Lhe expresslon for (D-v) and
J(D-v)/J
mo
shown above for homework
AnoLher meLhod ls applled when Lhe approprlaLe
lnflnlLe serles ls noL known so only an approxlmaLe
soluLlon may be obLalned Lhe oylelqbltz meLhod
1he meLhod lnvolves Lhe selecLlon of a serles for w
conLalnlng a flnlLe number of funcLlons of x and y
whlch have Lo saLlsfy Lhe boundary condlLlons
1o solve for
1

2
ooJ

( )