Classification of forces

What is force?
It is an action of 1 body to another.
Exist in equal magnitude, opposite direction
pairs
Type of force Definition
External All force acting on FBD
W Applied force/load
(dimension of force/length)
Concentrated/distributed
Concentrated , F Area of the contact is small
compared to the size of body
(act at a point)
Reaction Supporting forces
Static load (dead weight) Do not vary with time,
pressure/temperature
Repeat load Load that applied/remove many
thousand time
Impact load Transfer large amount energy in
short time
Equilibrium of rigid body
Rigid body-body which is not deform
under applied load.
3 dimension but always count on 2
dimension
F
y
F
x
F=0 (force)
M=0 (momentum)


Example Problem
1
Force at B & C are equal
Determine the force A and B on AB
How many unknown ?
For moment choose the right side
Point A was chosen as a main.
Fx=0 +


Fy=0 +


M=0 +(Anti clockwise)


Example Problem 2
A 900 kg mass is supported by a roller that
can move along a beam. The beam is
supported by a pin at A and roller at B.
a)Neglect the mass of the beam and
determine the reaction at A & B
b)If the mass of the beam is 8.5 kg/m,
determine the reaction at A and B
Internal forces
In mechanical analysis problem, is to be able to
determine the resultant force and moment acting
within a body, which are necessary to hold the
body together when the body is subjected to
external loads
Normal force, N
Shear force, V
Torsional moment, T
Bending moment, M
F
R
& M
R
Example Problem 3
a) Determine the support reaction
b) The internal force system on a
section 6 ft to the right of a support
at A.
Example Problem 4
The cantilever beam is subjected to both concentrated
and distributed loads. Determine:-
a) the support reactions
b) The internal forces on a section 4 m to the right of
the support at A

Normal stress under axial loading
Body must be able to withstand the intensity of
internal force
Area
Force
Stress =
stress normal e compressiv f or
stress normal tensile f or
A
F
avg

+
= o
Shearing stress in connection
Loads apply generally transmitted to the individual
through rivets, bolts, pin, nails.
It resultant to shear force V equal to applied load P

area bolt A
f orce shear V
A
V
avg
=
=
= t
Shear force on each cross section equal
to half of the applied load
Bearing stress
Known as compressive normal stress
It occur on the surface of contact between the head
of the bolt and the top plate and between the nut
and the bottom plate
Since metal can sustain stress of several thousand
pound per square inch, unit of ksi per suare inch
always been used (1 ksi =1000psi)
area projected A
surface contact the across
d transmitte force V
A
F
b
=
=
= o
Pa
m
N
stress for unit SI /
2
=>
The flat steel bar has axial loads applied at point A,
B, C and D as shown. Of the bar has cross
sectional area of 3 inch
2,
determine the normal
stress in the bar

a)
on a cross section 20 inch, to the right of point A
b) on a cross section 20 inch, to the right of point B
c)on cross section 20 inch, to the right of point C
Example Problem 5
A brass tube with an outside diameter of 2 inch and wall
thickness of 0.375 inch is connected to a steel tube with an
inside diameter of 2 inch and wall thickness of 0.25 inch by
using 0.75 inch diameter pin. Determine:-
a)The shearing stress in the pin when the joint is carrying an
axial load P of 10 kip
b) The length of joint required if the pin is replace by a glued
joint and the shearing stress in the glue must be limited to
250 psi
Example Problem 6
Stresses on inclined plane in axially
loaded member
A
F
avg
= o
A
V
avg
= t
For inclined :-
u u u
u
u
t
u u
u
u
o
2 sin
2
cos sin
cos
sin
) 2 cos 1 (
2
cos
cos
cos
2
A
P
A
P
A
P
A
V
A
P
A
P
A
P
A
N
n
n
n
n
= = = =
+ = = = =

Why it is cos and the other is sin?
N and V depend on the angle ,
and with respect to incline plane with respect of
applied load.
Stresses on inclined plane in axially loaded
member
Graph below show the magnitudes of and
as a function of .




max when is 0
O
or 180
O

max when is 45
O
or 135
O
Therefore, the maximum normal and shearing
stress for axial tensile or compressive loading are


n
o
n
t
n
o
n
t
A
P
A
P
2
,
max max
= = t o
Example Problem 7
A plastic bar with circular cross section will be used
to support an axial load of 1000 lb. the allowable
normal and shearing stress in the adhesive joint
used to connect the two parts of the bar are 675 psi
and 350 psi respectively. Determine the required
diameter, d of the bar. Draw the FBD.

Stress transformation
equations
This equation relates normal and shearing stress on one
plane (whose normal is oriented at an angle wrt a reference
x-axis), through a point and known stress
x
,
y
, and
xy =

yx
on the reference plane that can be develope using FBD.
All stress are positive
Dotted line A-A represent any plane through the point
Counter clockwise angle is positive, where is measured
from the positive x-axis to the positive n-axis.
dA cos for the vertical and dA sin for the horizontal face.
N-axis is perpendicular to the incline face. The t-axis parallel
to the inclined face.
The xy and nt axes shown are positive.
Stress are multiplied by the areas over which they act.
Stress transformation
equations
Summation of force in n-direction
u t u
o o o o
o
u u t u o u o o
t t
u u t u u t u u o u u o o
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
:
cos sin 2 sin cos
0 sin ) cos ( cos ) sin ( sin ) sin ( cos ) cos (
2 2
xy
y x y x
n
xy y x n
xy yx
xy yx y x n n
angle double of terms in
knowing
dA dA dA dA dA F
+

+
+
=
+ + =
=
= = E +
Summation of force in t-direction
Stress transformation
equations
u t u
o o
o
u u t u u o o t
t t
u u t u u t u u o u u o t
2 cos 2 sin
2
:
) sin (cos cos sin ) (
0 cos ) cos ( sin ) sin ( cos ) sin ( sin ) cos (
2 2
xy
y x
nt
xy y x nt
xy yx
xy yx y x nt t
angle double of terms in
knowing
dA dA dA dA dA F
+

=
+ =
=
= + = E +
Tensile normal stress +ve, while compressive normal stress ve
Sign of normal stress independent of the coordinate being used
Angle measured anti-clockwise from positive x-axis
All force in figure are positive
Sign of shearing stress pointing opposite direction would be ve
The sign of shearing stress depend on the coordinate being used
If its positive at first coordinate, the value will remain

At a point on structural member subjected
to plane stress there are normal and
shearing stresses on horizontal and
vertical planes through a point. Use
stress transformation equation to
determine:
a) Normal and shearing stress on plane
AB
Example Problem 7
Principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress-plane stress
For design purpose, critical stresses at the point usually the
maximum tensile stress and the maximum shearing stress




Maximum and minimum values of
n
occur at value of for
which d
n
/d =0, the differentiation yields :-


Equal to zero and solving gives

Orientation of the element
u t u
o o
t t 2 cos 2 sin
2
@
xy
y x
y x nt
+

=
' '
u t u
o o o o
o o 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
@
xy
y x y x
x n
+

+
+
=
'
u t u o o
u
2 cos 2 2 sin ) (

n
xy y x
d
d
+ =
y x
xy
p
o o
t
u

=
2
2 tan
Principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress-plane stress
Values from above give the orientation of two
principal plane. The third principal plane for the
plane stress state has an outward normal to the z-
direction
This give principal stress



The orientation maximum in plane shear stress


2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
xy
y x
t
o o
u
2
) (
2 tan

=
Principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress-plane stress
2
y x
avg
o o
o
+
=
2
2
max
2
xy
y x
plane in
t
o o
t +
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Maximum in plane shear stress
Average plane shear stress
2
min max
max
o o
t

=
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
Example Problem 7
Calculate the orientation of element,
maximum in plane shear stress and
average normal stress.
Mohrs Circle-Plane
stress
Set x-y reference
Identify stresses
x
,
y
,
xy
=
yx
Draw set of - coordinate with and positive to the right
and upward.
Plot (
x
, -
xy
) and lable it in point V(vertical plane)
Plot (
x
,
yx
) and lable it in point H(horizontal plane)
Draw line between V and H. Establish the center C and the
radius R of the circle.
Draw the circle
For center, y=0, so value for is for x. (,0)

2
y x
avg
o o
o
+
=
Mohrs Circle-Plane
stress
Point D provides the principal stress
P1
Point E provides the principal stress
P2
Point A provides the maximum in-plane
shearing stress
p
and accompanying
normal stress
average
that act on plane.




Example Problem
8 example 9.72
Determine and show on sketch :
a) The principal and maximum shearing
stress at the point
b) The normal stress on plane