Module 4

Antennas

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-1

Definition of Terms

dB- Decibel- Ratio of one value to another dBx where x =

m = compared to 1 milliwatt (0 dBm=1 mW) i = compare to isotropic antenna d = compared to dipole antenna w = compared to 1 watt (0 dBw = 1 watt)

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-2

Antenna Power Calculation

Key Conversion Factors:

dBi = dbd +2.14 1dBm = 1.26 3 dBm = 2 6 dBm = 4 10 dBm = 10 20 dBm = 100 30 dBm = 1000 40 dBm = 10000

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-3

Antenna Power Calculation (contd)

EIRP = transmitter power + antenna gain cable loss

AP output = 100mW = 20dB cable/antenna = +16dBi = 40 EIRP output = 100*40 = 4000 mW EIRP output = 20 + 16 = 36 dBi

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-4

Power Conversion Exercise

Convert the following dBi to dBd:

10 dBi = _______dBd
3dBi = _______dBd -5 dBi = ________dBd -8.14 dBi = _______dBd

Convert the following dBd to dBi: 12 dBd = _______ dBi 3dBd = ________ dBi -4.14 dBd = _______dBi -6.86 dBd = ________ dBi
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-5

Power Conversion Exercise (contd)

Calculate the outputs of the following systems:

AP output = 100mW
EIRP output = _______mW AP output = 20mW EIRP output = _______mW

cable/antenna = +16dBi
EIRP output = _______dBi cable/antenna = +20dBi EIRP output = ________dBi

AP output = 50mW
EIRP output = ________mW Calculate the AP output power: AP output = _______mW

cable/antenna = +13dBi
EIRP output = _________dBi cable/antenna = +16dBi

EIRP output = 4 mW
AP output = _______mW EIRP output = 2W AP output = _______mW

EIRP output = _______dBi

cable/antenna = +20dBi EIRP output = _______dBi cable/antenna = +13dBi

EIRP output = 200mW

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

EIRP output = ______dBi

FWL 1.07-6

What is the role of an antenna in the WLAN?

An antenna is a device used to transmit or receive signals. Antennas convert electrical energy into radio frequency (RF) waves when it transmits, or RF waves into electrical energy when it receives. The size and shape of antennas are determined primarily by the frequency of the signal they are designed to receive. A high gain antenna is highly focused, whereas a low gain antenna receives or transmits over a wide angle. An antenna provides the wireless system with three fundamental properties: gain, direction, and polarization.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-7

Proprits des Antennes

Gain : mesure de l'augmentation de puissance (dBi)

Direction : forme du modle de transmission (degrs) Polarisation : l'orientation des ondes EM Impdance : une bonne impdance permet un transfert maximum de puissance

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-8

Gain
Si le gain d'une antenne augmente, son angle de couverture diminue L'angle de couverture est mesur en degrs. La largeur du faisceau (beamwidth) se mesure dans les deux sens : Horizontal Vertical
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-9

Largeur de faisceau - Beamwidth

Dcris l'ouverture angulaire o la plus grande partie de la puissance est rayonne. Point o la puissance baisse de 3dB (moiti de la puissance).

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-10

Beamwidth vs. Gain

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FWL 1.07-11

Azimut et lvation
Les schmas d'azimut et dlvation reprsentent visuellement la propagation de l'antenne. Le schma d'azimut reprsente une vue du dessus : plan Horizontal.

Le schma d'lvation reprsente une vue de

ct : plan Vertical.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-12

Polarisation
La polarisation est l'orientation physique de l'lment qui met l'nergie RF. Trois types de polarisation :

Linaire
Circulaire Elliptique

La majorit des antennes micro-ondes et parabolique

utilisent la polarisation linaire.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-13

Polarisation
La majorit des antennes omnidirectionnelles utilisent la polarisation verticale Les antennes Cisco utilisent la polarisation verticale La polarisation croise peut limiter ou liminer l'interfrence entre des liens diffrents.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-14

Types des antennes

Omnidirectionnelle, l'nergie est diffuse
galement dans toutes les directions. La diffusion horizontale couvre 360 :

Mt
Diple Directionnelle ou semi-directionnelle, l'nergie

est concentre dans une direction :

Yagi Parabolique

Patch ou panel
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-15

Antenne Isotropique
Une antenne

isotropique est une

antenne idale qui irradie dans toutes les directions. Utilis comme

rfrence.

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FWL 1.07-16

Antenne omnidirectionnelle avec haut gain

Plus grande couverture circulaire.

Le niveau d'nergie
au dessus et en dessous va diminuer.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-17

Omnidirectional Antenna: Dipole

Energy lobes pushed in from the top and bottom
Higher gain
Smaller vertical beamwidth

Side View (Vertical Pattern)

Vertical Beamwidth New Pattern (with Gain)

Larger horizontal lobe

Typical dipole pattern

Top View (Horizontal Pattern)

2-dBi Dipole "Standard Rubber Duck"

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-18

Exemples des antennes omni

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FWL 1.07-19

Exemples des antennes omni

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FWL 1.07-20

2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

5.2 dBi Mast Mount Vertical

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FWL 1.07-21

2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

5.2 dBi Pillar Mount Diversity

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FWL 1.07-22

2.4 GHz Diversity Omni-Directional Antennas

2 dBi Diversity Omni-Directional Ceiling Mount

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FWL 1.07-23

2.4 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

12 dBi Omni-Directional (Outdoor only)

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FWL 1.07-24

5 GHz Omni-Directional Antennas

9 dBi omni (Vertical polarization)

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-25

5 GHz Integrated Antenna

Innovative 5 GHz Combo Antenna:
Wall Mount: Fold antenna flat against access point housing for 6 dBi gain patch antenna Ceiling Mount: Fold antenna out at a 90 angle for 5 dBi gain omni antenna
In 6 dBi patch position

In 5 dBi omni position

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-26

Antennes semi-directionnelles ou directionnelles

Le faisceau de l'antenne est pouss dans une direction, ce qui concentre l'nergie dans une rgion en particulier. Trs peu d'nergie est diffuse derrire une antenne directionnelle.
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-27

Examples du Patch/Panel antennas

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FWL 1.07-28

Examples du Patch/Panel antennas

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-29

2.4 GHz Diversity Antennas

6.5 dBi Diversity Patch Wall Mount 55 degree

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FWL 1.07-30

2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)

6 dBi Patch Antenna 65 degree

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FWL 1.07-31

2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)

8.5 dBi Patch Antenna 60 degree

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FWL 1.07-32

2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)

13.5 dBi Yagi Antenna 25 degree

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FWL 1.07-33

Sector antennas

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FWL 1.07-34

Sector antenna

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FWL 1.07-35

Sector antennas

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-36

Directional Antennas

Lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area

Side View (Vertical Pattern)

Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna

Top View (Horizontal Pattern)

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-37

Directional Antenna
Lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area. Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna.

Side View (Vertical Pattern)

Top View (Horizontal Pattern)

6.5-dBi Diversity Patch Wall Mount 55 degrees

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-38

13.5 dBi Yagi AntennaInside view

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FWL 1.07-39

Highly directionnel antennas

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FWL 1.07-40

2.4 GHz Directional Antennas (cont.)

21 dBi Parabolic Dish Antenna 12 degree

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FWL 1.07-41

Antenna characteristics

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FWL 1.07-42

Path Considerations

Radio line of sight

Earth bulge Fresnel zone Antenna and cabling Data rate

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-43

Line of Sight
Certains items peuvent faire obstruction au signal : Topographies du paysage, exemple montagnes Courbe de la Terre Btiments et autres constructions Vgtations

Line of sight!

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-44

Longues Distances
Le positionnement vue (LOS) disparat 9,7 km (6 miles) : courbe de

la Terre.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-45

Site to Site Fresnel Zone

Une zone de Fresnel est le volume d'espace enferm par un
ellipsode dont les deux antennes forment les foyers. Un lien radio aura la premire zone de Fresnel dgage (first Fresnel zone clearance) si il n'y a pas d'objet l'intrieur capable de causer suffisamment de diffraction. En pratique, il suffit d'avoir 60 % de la premire zone de Fresnel dgage. En dessous, les perturbations vont tre significatives... Total Distance Antenna Height (Value H) Fresnel @ 60% (Value F)

Earth Curvature (Value C)

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-46

Fresnel Zone

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-47

Zone de Fresnel

Rayon de Fresnel = 17,32 x (D / (4 x F))

D = distance en km F = frquence en Ghz Rayon est en mtre Pour faire le calcul en milles et pieds utiliser 72,2 au lieu de 17,32.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-48

Correction cause de leffet de la zone Fresnel

Augmenter la hauteur de l'antenne Construire une nouvelle structure : tour d'antenne Augmenter la hauteur de la tour actuelle Changer de place l'antenne Couper la vgtation

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-49

Antenna Alignment
Line of Sight

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-50

Antenna Cable Loss

Use cable that is supplied with the antenna, avoiding long cable runs when possible. Cisco offers these cables:
LMR400-style cables 20 and 50 feet
2.4-GHz Loss (db/100 feet) 6.6 4.4 5.8-GHz Loss (db/100 feet) 10.8 7.25

Total loss of 1.3 and 3.4 dB, respectively LMR600-style cables 100 and 150 feet Total loss of 4.4 and 6.6 dB, respectively

Cable Type

LMR400 LMR600

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-51

Antenna Issues
High gain omni-directional

Directional antenna

No Downtilt One-way communications

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-52

Antenna Issues (cont.)

Omni-directional antennas provide 3600 coverage Also accepts interference from all directions

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FWL 1.07-53

Antenna Issues Down tilt(cont.)

8.50 downtilt

200 ft./61 m

14.50

700 ft./213 m 8 Miles/13 Km

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-54

2.4 GHz EIRP Rules for FCC Governed Areas

Point-to-Multipoint
FCC allows increasing the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 30 dBm in a 1:1 ratio Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1dBi

Point-to-Point
Maximum of 36 dBm EIRP Installations 30 dBm maximum transmitter power with 6 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination

FCC allows exceeding the 36 dBm EIRP in Point-toPoint installations using the 3:1 rule
Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 3 dBi

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-55

2.4 GHz EIRP Rules for ETSI Governed Countries

Currently ETSI stipulates a maximum of 20 dBm EIRP on Point-to-Multipoint and Pointto-Point installations 17 dBm maximum transmitter power with 3 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination Professional installers are allowed to increase the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 17 dBm in a 1:1 ratio
Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 17 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1 dBi
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-56

Multipath Distortion
Multipath distortion (a form of radio degradation) occurs when radio signals bounce off metal objects in a room, such as metal cabinets or ceiling lights. Multiple signals at receiver cause distortion of the signal. As radio waves bounce, they arrive at the receiver slightly delayed, combining with the original signal, causing distortion. Diversity systems use two antennas in different positions to reduce the degradation.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-57

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

Transmit power is rated in dBm or mW. Power coming off an antenna is Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). FCC and ETSI use EIRP for power limits in regulations for 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz WLANs.
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-58

Cable and Accessories

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FWL 1.07-59

2.4 GHz Accessories

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FWL 1.07-60

Common RF Connectors

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FWL 1.07-61

RP-TNC Connectors (Reverse polarity threaded Neill-Concelman)

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FWL 1.07-62

Lightning Arrestor
To Antenna

Protge les appareils

rseau LAN de Dcharge lectrostatique et d'clairs qui voyagent dans le cble coaxial de transmission.
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lug Lockwasher Nut

Ground Wire

From RF Device

FWL 1.07-63

Lightning Arrestor

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-64

Coax Connection Sealing

Un des problmes majeurs des ponts est l'infiltration d'eau.

Mettre un bon
capuchon dtanchit.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FWL 1.07-65

2.4 GHz EIRP Rules for non-FCC Governed Bodies

Governing bodies with 20 dBm ceiling on EIRP: ETSI, France/Singapore, Israel, Mexico

Point-to-Multipoint and Point-to-Point

Transmitter Power
Gov. Body Maximum 50 mW

Transmitter dBm
17 dBm 17 dBm 15 dBm 13 dBm 7 dBm 0 dBm

Maximum Gain
3 dBi

EIRP
20 dBm

Cisco Integrated Antennas 50 mW

2.2 dBi
5 dBi

19.2 dBm
20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm
FWL 1.07-66

Reduced TX Power Reduced TX Power Reduced TX Power Reduced TX Power

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

30 mW 20 mW 5 mW 1 mW

7 dBi
13 dBi 20 dBi

The above values reflect the 1:1 rule

2.4-GHz EIRP Rules for FCC Areas

Point-to-Multipoint
Transmitter Power
FCC Maximum Cisco Maximum Reduced Tx Power 1W 100 mW 20 mW

Transmitter dBm
30 dBm 20 dBm 13 dBm

Maximum Gain
6 dBi 16 dBi 23 dBi

EIRP
36 dBm 36 dBm 36 dBm

The above values reflect the 1:1 rule.

Point-to-multipoint (WLANs) FCC allows increasing the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 30 dBm in a 1:1 ratio. Reduce transmit power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1-dBi.
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-67

2.4-GHz EIRP Rules for ETSI Areas

Transmitter Power ETSI Maximum Cisco Maximum Reduced Tx Power Reduced Tx Power Reduced Tx Power 50 mW 50 mW 20 mW 10 mW 1 mW Transmitter dBm 17 dBm 17 dBm 13 dBm 10 dBm 0 dBm Maximum Gain 3 dBi 2.2 dBi 7 dBi 10 dBi 20 dBi EIRP 20 dBm 19.2 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm

Currently ETSI allows a maximum of 20 dBm EIRP on

point-to-multipoint and point-to-point installations17 dBm maximum transmitter power with 3 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination.
Reduce transmit power below maximum of 17 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1 dBi.
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-68

EIRP Rules: Summary

No. of Channels (26 total)

FCC
Channel Identifier Usage TX Power

ETSI
EIRP EIRP

Frequency [GHz]

Ant. Gain

2.400 2.483 5.150 5.250 5.250 5.350 5.470 5.725

3 4 4 11

1, 6, 11 36 48 52 64 100 140

Indoor 30 dBm Outdoor Indoor only 16 dBm

6 dBi 6 dBi 6 dBi 6 dBi

36 dBm 22 dBm 30 dBm 30 dBm

20 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm 30 dBm

Indoor 24 dBm Outdoor Indoor 24 dBm Outdoor Indoor 30 dBm Outdoor

5.725 5.825

149 161

6 dBi

36 dBm

n/a

5.725 MHz and above currently not allowed in most of Europe

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-69