Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM

Tapan Kumar Pradhan Electronics and Tele-Communication Regd. No- 1007214020

KONARK INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY JATANI

Objectives

What is OFDM How OFDM works OFDM Advantages\Disadvantages Applications References

What is OFDM ?
The

single-carrier modulation system

- A single carrier system modulates information onto one carrier using frequency, phase, or amplitude adjustment of the carrier. - As higher bandwidths (data rates) are used, the duration of one bit or symbol of information becomes smaller. The system becomes more susceptible to loss of information.

Single Carrier System

Sequential Transmission of Waveforms Waveforms are Short Duration T Waveforms Occupy Full System Bandwidth 1/T

 FDM

modulation system

- Frequency division multiplexing uses multiple sub carriers within the same single channel. - The total data rate to be sent in the channel is divided between the various sub carriers. - FDM offers an advantage in terms of narrowband frequency interference since this interference will only affect one of the frequency sub-bands, the other sub bands remains un-affected.

Multi-Carrier System

Parallel Transmission of Waveforms Waveforms are Long Duration MT Waveforms Occupy 1/M th Of System Bandwidth 1/T

 Orthogonal

FDM

- If the FDM system above had been able to use a set of subcarriers those were orthogonal to each other, a higher level of spectral efficiency could have been achieved. - The use of orthogonal subcarriers would allow the subcarriers spectra to overlap, thus increasing the spectral efficiency.

How it works ?

OFDM works as the concept of frequency division multiplexing (multiple sub carriers in a single channel). In FDD the sub carriers are separated by guard bands but OFDM doesnt require the guard band. In the transmitter, binary input data is encoded, The symbol is modulated onto sub carriers by applying the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). To the output a cyclic prefix is added to make the system robust to multipath propagation and the signal is converted to analog.

The receiver has to estimate frequency offset and symbol timing, using special training symbols in the preamble. After removing the cyclic prefix, the signal can be applied to a Fast Fourier Transform to recover.

OFDM Advantages
The OFDM transmission scheme has the following key advantages: Makes efficient use of the spectrum by allowing overlap By dividing the channel into narrowband flat fading subchannels, OFDM is more resistant to frequency selective fading than single carrier systems are. Eliminates ISI and ICI through use of a cyclic prefix. Using adequate channel coding and interleaving one can recover symbols lost due to the frequency selectivity of the channel.

OFDM Disadvantages

The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, therefore it requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio. It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier systems are due to leakage of the DFT.

Applications

Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital Video Broadcasting Wireless LAN

Books and References

The Principles of OFDM Louis Litwin and pugel OFDM Wireless LANs: A Theoretical and Practical Guide Juha Heiskala and John Terry Communications Systems Engineering. John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi

Single and Multi-Carrier Amplitude Modulation

Lajos Hanzo, William Webb, and Thomas Keller

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