ROOF

From the earliest times, humans and their ancestors sought protection from the elements of nature, changing seasons and predators, in natural shelters such as caves and rock overhangs.
Gradually, they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors, walls at the entrances and fireplaces. Ultimately they began creating entirely new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter.

Shelters built from natural materials indicates that they had knowledge of the stress, strain and insulation properties (heat, cold and water-proofing) of the materials used.
The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated knowledge of properties such as compression forces. The symmetrical shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the principles of geometry.

Natural features, caves and overhangs Natural shelters like caves or overhangs were used as homes. Little or no building materials were used.

Crude shelter Temporary structures that needed little workmanship. Materials found nearby were used and arranged on a crude framework of branches.

Beehive hut A typical building style of the Nguni people (Zulu and Xhosa). Vertical branches were stabilised with horizontal bracing with no distinction between the walls and the roof. The sapling structure was bound together by grass fibre ropes and the grass covering was 'sewn' to the structure with grass rope.

Cone on cylinder A typical style among the Tswana, Sotho and Venda people. The roof is separate and can be clearly identified. The roof was made from grass and the walls from daga or a type of cement

Hipped-on cube Western influence led to the introduction of the 90 wall construction. The wall layout also dictates the shape of the roof. Walls are higher and doorways larger.

FUNCTION
To

keep out rain, wind, snow & dust To prevent excessive heat loss in winter To keep the interior building cool in summer Designed to accommodate all stresses encountered Designed to accept movement due to changes in temperature & moisture content To provide lateral restraint & stability to adjacent walls To resist penetration of fire & spread of flame from external sources

TYPES OF ROOF
Flat

Roof Its not perfectly flat Must have a slight slope for drainage Shed Roof A single slope Gable Roof 2 slope meeting at ridge. 2 walls extends to the ridge Hip Roof 2 gable, pyramid should be considered as a hip roof

Gambrel Roof 4 slopes in one direction, the typical barn roof Mansard Roof 2 gambrels Basically is to the gambrel what the hip is to gable Pitched Roof drains water insulates main area of heat loss support snow load

Shed roof

Hip Roof

FLAT ROOF & PITCHED ROOF

Mansard Roof

Gambrel Roof

FLAT ROOF
Its not perfectly flat, slightly slope which is less than 10. This roof is been used in hot climates where water accumulation is not a problem. (less rain)

ADVANTAGES OF FLAT ROOF

a) b)

c) d)

Less material is being used than in a sloped roof The rooftop is potentially useful as a terrace or sleeping porch Potentially pleasing appearance Easier to build than a sloped roof

WATERPROOFING THE FLAT ROOF

a) b)

The flat roof relied on some kind of membrane for keeping moisture out. The slight slope of flat roof directs standing moisture to drains at edges.

DISADVANTAGES OF FLAT ROOF

a)

Roof elements cant overlap, hence waterproofing must be more complex and more thorough. Drainage isnt automatic. Unless properly designed & constructed, pools of water will collect on the surface causing local variations in temperature. This will result in deterioration of the covering finally leading to high maintenance cost. It have little or no space below roof to accommodate services. It have limited capacity for insulation

b)

c)

d)

PITCHED ROOF

Roof whose angle of slope to the horizontal lies between 10 - 70. Construction cost for pitched roof is higher than flat roof and more material is needed. Theres bigger space below the roof than flat roof can be made as attic.

PITCHED ROOF DESIGN

The slope for pitched roof depends on the rain (how heavy the rain is, frequency of the rain) in a year. In Malaysia, the roof built at West Coast Malaysia & East Coast Malaysia is different due to the factor of wind and rain.

TERMINOLOGY IN PITCHED ROOF STRUCTURE

Roof - The entire covering assembly Pitch Rise over run Substrate The decking that carries the roof material Eaves Roof overhang Ridge The peak of 2 or more slopes Valley An inverse ridge Ceiling The finish material that is attached to the underside of the roof

2 3 5 4 1

Some Of The Roof Elements

This are the names of some of the pitched roof elements which been labeled on previous slide:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Asphalt Shingles Rafter Ridge Valley Rafter Collar Beam

Some parts of the roof

This are the names of some part of the roof elements which been labeled on previous slide:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Ridge Gable Dormer Roof Deck Rake Eave Valley

Ridge - spine of the roof - A pitching plate for the rafters that are nailed to each other through the ridge board Collars - Its an extra ties to give additional strength & are placed at purlins level

Eaves - Eaves of a roof is the lowest edge that overhangs the wall, thus giving the wall a degree of protection - Also provides the fixing medium for the rainwater gutter.

PITCHED ROOF STRUCTURE

Depends on different types roof structure system, roof structure can also include the followings: a) Purlins b) Rafter c) Trusses d) Beams e) Girders

Beam - member that span across the openings & support structure or loading above them. - Beam usually in timber, steel & reinforced concrete.
Purlins - Act as a beam reducing the span of the rafter enabling an economic section to be used

Girder - A main horizontal or near horizontal structural member that supports vertical loads. - It may consists several pieces.
Rafter - One of the series of structure of a roof designed to support roof loads. - Roof structural failure usually begin with rafter deflection or rafter spread.

Beams In Roof Structure

Purlins In Roof Structure

GIRDER

Girder

RAFTER

TRUSS

Roof structures can be formed very simply using trussed rafters. These are made from small section timber and comprise the rafters on the roof slopes, a horizontal to support the ceiling, and various combinations of cross members to form a frame or truss.

RAFTER COLLAR TIE

The members are usually fixed together using metal plate connectors.
The trusses are designed and produced by the manufacturer to suit the span and profile of a roof. They are a very cost effective way of forming roofs of houses and are often seen on building sites.

Types Of Truss

Howe Truss

Fink Truss

Pratt Truss

Warren Truss

PRINCIPAL RAFTER

STRUT

TIE

KING POST
King Post Truss

Elements Of Roof

TYPES OF SHINGLES

Wood fire hazard unless treated - expensive material & labour Asphalt Fiberglass Slate split & punched, fire resistant - heavy on structure, expensive Tile

PTICHED ROOF FAILURE

Symptom usually include widespread sagging where roof covering has dished and ridge lines are bowed over strutting points.

Look at the ridge

A ridge sag on 60 years old brick home

WHY PITCHED ROOF FAIL?

Improper design or poor design - under design of roofing members sizing, spacing and support

Inadequate or incorrect support of roof trusses

Overloading to roof framing - for example replacing corrugated iron by terracotta tiles.

 Deterioration

- Timber pest damage where weakened structure timbers are unable to support normal roof loading - Corrosion of roof fixing where water has penetrated the roof covering or where the nails and plate connection are subjected to an aggressive salt environment near the coast. Inadequate repair Weather related influences (strong wind, snow storms etc)

Lack of precaution taken during construction process cause the partially constructed pitched roof collapse due to strong wind.