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SCALAR QUANTITIES AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

Scalar
Scalar quantities is a value without a direction, such as: density, volume, temperature

Length

Time

Energy
page: 2 scalar Adaptif

Scalar
The scalar quantities comply with all rules of mathematical algebra
Example: 1) Temperature: (300 K + 200 K) = 500 K 2) Power: 200 J + (-50 Joule ) = 150 Joule.

page: 3

scalar

Adaptif

Vector
Vector quantities is a value with a direction
Example: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force Vector is expressed in a straight line with an arrow. The length of line shows the value of vector and the arrow direction shows the vector direction

B AB b A vector AB vector b

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vector

Adaptif

Vector Components
Vector b can be subdivided into 2 vector components, each of them has the same direction as X axis and Y axis in cartesian coordinate b = b sin

b
b bx x = b cos

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vector

Adaptif

Unit Vector
Unit Vector is a one unit vector and has the same direction with the vector component

Vector b can be expressed as a unit vector

b = a b
Example

a = magnitude (value)
b

= 5b

= unit vector

page: 6

Unit vector

Adaptif

Unit Vector
i = unit vector in the same direction as X axis j = unit vector in the same direction as Y axis k = unit vector in the same direction as Z axis

x
Page: 7 unit vector Adaptif

Unit Vector
Vector c can be expressed by unit vector as follows:

c = 4i + 5j + 8k
It means that vector c has: 4 unit vector in the same direction as X axis, 5 unit vector in the same direction as Y axis, 8 unit vector in the same direction as Z axis
page: 8 unit vector Adaptif

Unit Vector
z 8 k 5 j y

c = 4i + 5 j + 8k

4
i

x
page: 9 unit vector Adaptif

Addition of Vector
Example: b d = b + c

Vector d can be result from 2 methods: 1. Geometrical method 2. Analytical method c

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addition of vector

Adaptif

Geometrical Method
1. Poligon c b b d c

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Geometrical method

Adaptif

Geometrical Method
2. Paralellogram b d b c c according cosinus rule:

d b2 c2 2bc cos

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Geometrical method

Adaptif

Analytical Method
Disruption of vector in cartesian coordinate
y b

by b c c cx cy bx

Page:13

analytical method

Adaptif

Analytical Method
Disruption of vector in cartesian coordinate
by = b sin cy = c sin y

by b cx

cy c

bx

x
bx = b cos cx = c cos

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analytical method

Adaptif

Analytical Method
If d = dxi + dy j

dy

dy = by + (-cy) dx = bx + cx

dx

The direction of d can be determined as :

d dx d y
2

dy Sin d
or

dx cos d
page: 15 analytical method Adaptif