Skeletal System

Human skeleton can be divided into two:

Axial Skeleton is divided into the skull, vertebral column and the thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton consist of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Axial skeleton
Skull 2 bones of the skull are divided into two groups: Brain Case Facial Bone

 Brain case which encloses the cranial cavity, consists

of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the brain.

Paired : Parietal - relating to the wall of any cavity ; parietal

serous membranes are in contact with the walls of cavities . The parietal bones form part of the skull Temporal the temple of the head is so named because it is there that the hair first begins turning white, indicating the passage of time.

Unpaired : Frontal forms the anteroir third of the cranial dome. Occipital back of the head. Sphenoid is a butterfly-shaped bone that forms part

of the anterior floor and sides of cranium. Ethmoid forms the middle portion of the anterior cranial floor, extending inferiorly between the eye orbits to also form the roof of the nasal cavity.

Facial Bones Paired : Two Maxillae forms the upper jaws ; they support the face

from the eye down to the mouth, across the front of the cheek.
Each of two Zygomatic form the upper lateral corner of a

cheek, from the lower eye orbit around to the temporal bone.
Two Palatine bones join together at the midline to form the

posterior third of the hard palate (roof of the mouth).

Left and right Nasal bone are joined at the midline,

forming the superior margin of the nasal opening.

Lacrimal relating to tears or tear production.
Unpaired : Mandible forms the lower jaws. Vomer forms the lower portion of the nasal septum,

which divides the nasal cavity.

Auditory ossicles bones in the middle ear

Malleus the most lateral of the middle ear bones, attached

to the tympanic membrane ; the hammer Incus the middle bone in the middle ear ; the anvil Stapes the third of the three middle ear bones ; attached to the oval window ; the stirrup.

Vertebral Column is a set of 26 bones stacked one on another to form a slightly curved, flexible support rod.

Cervical vertebrae - (C1 through C7) have transverse

foramina. Thoracic vertebrae (T1 through T12) are inferior to the cervical vertebrae. Lumbar vertebrae (L1 through L5) have rectangular transverse and spinous processes, and the position of their facets limit rotation. Sacrum bone that develops as a set of five vertebrae that fuse to form one large bone inferior to L5.

Coccyx most inferior bone of the vertebral column; tailbone Hypoid the U-shaped bone in the throat. Thoracic Cage Each of the 12 pairs of ribs articulates with the vertebral column. Sternum or breastbone, receives the costal cartilages of the true ribs on the anterior aspects of the thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle Scapula is a flat,

triangular bone with three large fossea, where muscles extending to the arm are attached ; shoulder blade Clavicle bone between the sternum and shoulder ; collarbone

Upper limb
Humerus long bone of the

upper arm. Ulna on the medial side of the forearm. Radius on the lateral side. Carpals associated with the wrist ; bones of the wrist.

Metacarpals are attached to the carpal bones and form the bony framework of the hand. ; it is aligned with the five digits : the thumb and fingers Phalanges finger bones

Pelvic girdle Coxa bones bone of the hip.

Lower limb Femur is the bone of the

upper leg. Tibia is one of the two long bones of the lower leg. Fibula is the narrower, lateral bone of the lower leg.

Patella is a large sesamoid bone forming the anterior

bone of the knee joint. Tarsals bone of the instep of the foot. Metatarsals are somewhat longer than metacarpals. Phalanges of the foot is shorter than those in the hands.

JOINTS
Three classification of Joints. Fibrous joints found where fibrous connective tissue tightly binds the articulating bones. Cartilaginous joints formed when a piece of cartilage joins bones. Synovial joints always free movable joints.

Fibrous joints
Suture this is a joint between two

flat bones, as between the left and right parietal bones (sagittal suture). Syndesmosis bands the fibrous tissue bind bone, as between the distal ends of the radius and ulna. Gomphosis a fibrous membrane connects each tooth to its socket in a jaws alveolar process.

Cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis hyaline

cartilage connects bone. Symphysis fibrocartilage forms a joint, as ion the symphysis pubis, joining left and right coxae.

Synovial Joints
Gliding joint two flat surfaces

slide past each other, as between two carpal. Hinge joint as with a door hinge, two bones are joined so that they can move in one plane only, as in the elbow and knuckle joints of the fingers.

Ellipsoid joint an oval condyle fits into an oval fossa, allowing movement in two planes, as between the metatarsals and phalanges of the foot. Pivot joint one bone pivots on the axis of another, allowing rotation, as with the atlas and axis.

Saddle joint two saddle-shaped processes fit together

to allow movement in two planes, as between the thumbs proximal phalanx and trapezium of the wrist. Ball-and-socket joint ball-shaped process fits into a rounded fossa, allowing almost unrestricted movement, as between the femur and the accetabulum.

Joint movement

Some skeletal movements involve the movement of body parts relative to a coronal plane :
Flexion decreasing the angle of a joint. Extension increasing the angle of a joint. Hyperextension moving a joint beyond its normal range, or

beyond the anatomical position. Protraction moving a part anteriorly, along a horizontal plane. Retraction moving a part posteriorly, along a horizontal plane.

Some motions are done relative to a sagittal plane :

Abduction moving an appendages distal end away from

the midsagittal plane. Adduction - moving an appendages distal end toward the midsagittal plane Inversion - moving the foot from anatomical position (sole downward) to a position in which the sole is facing the midsagittal plane Eversion moving the foot from the anatomical position in which the soles faces away from the midsagittal plane.

Circular movements:
Circumduction moving the distal end of an appendage in a

circle, making a cone-shaped sweep Rotation moving a bone on its axis, as if on a pivot or an axle Pronation rotating the forearm from the anatomical position (palm forward)to reverse it (palm facing the posterior) Supination rotating the forearm from the pronated position back to the anatomical position.