Joints

Types of the Joint

Joint: articulation between two or more bones which allows more or less motion Classified into 3 types, based on the connecting soft tissues:
Fibrous Joint Cartilaginous Joint Synovial Joint

Fibrous Joint
united by dense connective tissue consisting of collagen fibers NO JOINT CAVITY

immoveable (most)

Fibrous Joint
Three subtypes of fibrous joints:
Suture, e.g: skull
Syndesmosis, e.g: interosseous membrane,tibia/fibula joint Gomphosis, e.g: the articulations of teeth with their alveolar sockets in the mandible or the maxillae

Cartilaginous Joint
united with each other by cartilage NO JOINT CAVITY

Cartilaginous Joint
Two subtypes of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondroses (primary cartilaginous joint)
only hyaline cartilage is involved Immoveable e.g:epiphyseal plate,joint between first rib&sternum

Symphyses (secondary cartilaginous joint)

involves both hyaline and fibrocartilage limited movement is permitted e.g: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

Synovial Joint
majority of articulations between bones freely moveable joints (ALL) characterized by the presence of the synovial cavity

Synovial Joint
Components:
The articulating surfaces, covered by hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
synovial fluid, secreted by the synovial membrane the articular capsule: synovial membrane (the inner layer) & fibrous capsule (the outer layer) bursae in between

Synovial Joint
Three factors determine the strength or stability of the synovial joint & the range of movement: 1. The shape of the articular surfaces of the bones 2. The ligaments (strong bands of dense fibrous connective tissue which bind the adjacent bones together) 3. Muscles

Synovial Joint
According to the shape of the articulating
surface six major categories of synovial joint: Ball & socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Ellipsoidal (condyloid) Saddle

Hinge Joint
Convex surface of one bone fits smoothly into concave surface of the second bone

the joints are uniaxial

flexion/extension

Ball and Socket Joint

Ball-shaped head fits into a cup-shaped depression Multiaxial (all axes&planes): flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction and rotation Found in the hips and shoulders

Gliding Joint
Opposite bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved Only sliding motion in all directions are allowed Since there is no bone movement around an axis, the joints are nonaxial Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints

Saddle Joint

First bone's articular surface is concave in one direction and convex in the other while the second bone is just the opposite (like a saddle&its rider) Biaxial joint: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and circumduction are allowed,but NO ROTATION Similar to the Ellipsoidal Joint, but the movements are freer

Ellipsoid and Pivot Joints

Ellipsoid joints
Oval-shaped surface fits into an oval-shaped cavity (ellipse means oval)
Biaxial joint: the movements allowed are flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and circumduction but NO ROTATION

Pivot joints
A rounded, pinted or conical surface of one bone is inserted into a ring made partly of another bone and partly of a ligament Uniaxial joint: the only movement allowed is the rotation of one bone around its own axis
e.g: the neck and forearms in the neck the occipital bone spins over the top of the axis. In the forearms the radius and ulna twist arround each other