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Group 15

KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION

By: NOOR HAFIZAH BINTI NASIR (D20091035083) SANDRA MERU (D20091035087)

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DERIVA TIVES

a measure of how a function changes as it input changes IF THE FUNCTION IS PLOTTED IN A GRAPH, DERIVATIVES MEASURE THE SLOPE OF THE GRAPH AT EACH POINT

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DISPLACEME NT AND DISTANCE A

DISTANCE = is a scalar measure of the interval between two locations measured along the actual path connecting them. DISPLACEMENT = is a vector measure of the interval between two locations measured along the shortest path connecting them and has a magnitude that is equal the shortest distance between two positions.

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DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT IS VERY IMPORTANT IN KINEMATICS BECAUSE WE CAN DERIVE OTHER TERMS SUCH AS
1. 2.

3.

SPEED VELOCIT Y ACCELER ATION

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SPEED RATE OF CHANGE OF DISTANCE WITH TIME AVERAGE SPEED, the total distance traveled divided by the time taken dista nce

GRAPH OF DISTANCE AGAINST TIME

ti m e

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INSTANTANE OUS SPEED

SPEED AT THE PARTICULAR INSTANT OF TIME Distanc e (m)

In order to find instantaneous speed, it is determined over a very small interval of time which is almost equal to zero

Time (s)

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VELOCIT Y

Rate of change of displacement with time the rate of change of displacement with time displace ment

AVERAGE VELOCITY, V

V =

ti

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INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY rate of change of displacement at a particular instant an point. limit of or average velocity as the time interval gets smaller.

The means that notation is defined by the the ratio of limitating process in which smaller and smaller so small that they values are used, approach zero.

ACCELERATI ON is defined by the rate of change of velocity over time. On this graph :-Average acceleration is equal to the slope of the graph -while the instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the line at any point

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velo city

Velocity against time graphs

ti m e

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velo city

Instantaneous acceleration Graph of velocity against time ti m e

Equations of kinematics for a constant acceleration Equations of kinematics are equation that describes the behavior of a system as a function of time. In other words, they are referring as differential equations that the system satisfies. These equations are only applied to particles moving in linear motion which is in one dimension with constant acceleration. They are often referred as SUVAT where the five

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They can be present in a graph.

v (ms1) Gradient: acceleration

Area: displacement

t (s) Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the velocity against time graph of a linear motion with constant acceleration. Velocity varies linearly with time.

Derivation of linear motion equations with uniform acceleration Consider an object that has an initial velocity u at vu time t = 0 s and moves for a time t with a constant t acceleration a. From the graph, its gradient is the acceleration. Therefore,

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The area under the graph is the displacement. 2 Therefore, The displacement also can be derived by using the s=
1 ut + at 2 2

v u t 1 u + a t t 2
a=
1 ( u + v)t 2

v = u + at
1 ( u + u + at ) t 2 1 ( 2u + at ) t 2

 Application of differentiation Velocity, v Velocity, v is the rate of change of displacement with s = to respectt2 time, that is, v v =4t3 + 6t = 2t = +5 +6 12t2 Acceleration, a Acceleration, a is the rate of change of velocity dv dt with respect to time, that is, a= = v = 12t a 4t3= 12 = = 4t 12t2 s 6t2 = v - t3 4 = 12t- 3t2 a = -12 = 6t

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d v d t

Application of integration Displacement, s v = 6t2 Displacement, s is given + 3s = s 8t by = = =2t3 4t2 +3t + c Velocity, v Velocity, v is given by v = a= v12 = 4t = = 12t 2t2 + c

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Examples
1.

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Given s = t2 8t + 5, find: The time when the particle is at rest.

ds dt

(a)

(b) The time interval during which the particle moves with positive velocity. s = t2 8t + 5 v= = 2t 8

(a) When the particle is at rest, v = 0 2t 8 = 0 2t = 8 t = 4s

A particle moving in a straight line passes through a fixed point O at a velocity of 5 ms-1. If a = 8 2t, find the displacement of the particle when t = 4s. a = 8 2t v= = 8t t2 + c
(8t t ( 8 2t )dt

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When t = 0, v = 5, c = 5
2

Then, v = 8t t2 +5 s= = 4t2 64 43 3

2 = 62 m 3
+ 5 dt

t3 3

+ 5t + k

When t = 0, s 3= 0, k = 0
2 3