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condition action
An inference engine cycles through all the rules in the system matching the condition parts of the rules with data in working memory. Of all the rules that match (the candidate set), one is selected using some conflict resolution policy and this selected rule is fired, that is, its action part is executed. The action part may modify the working memory, possibly according to the matched data and the cycle continues until no more rules match. Rule based
Rules have special ops: Fire, which causes a rule to be triggered Enable, which causes a rule to be activated Disable, which causes a rule to be deactivated
Conflict resolution
Production system developed at NASAs Johnson space center. Written in ANSI C instead of LISP CLIPS implements standard forward-chaining patternmatching algorithm CLIPS knowledge representation similar to OPS5 and ART systems. Constructs simple string fact assertion & retraction Templates If-then rules (productions) Objects and instances
Intelligent computer aided crew training, weather forecasting, shuttle space planning, shuttle diagnostics, Mission Control Center (telemetry data analysis and diagnostics), flight assistance and control
ART commercial expert system has many of the same features as CLIPS
Proceedings of IEEE Visual Languages 2001, Rosson, Seals 2001; CHI 2001; DIS 2002; NSF Research: NSF ITR 0091102.
Stagecast Creator
Based on a movie metaphor Programming is facilitated by macro recorder to allow programming by demonstration Behaviors are represented as a set of as a set of productions or if-then rules
Procedure
Participants: 10 middle school students Background survey Performed in usability testing lab study with think aloud protocol Recorded critical incidents Captured video, audio, and screen
Easy and fun to use Would like to use it in their classes But needed more exposure to feel confident No problems with drawing tools Problems with tools for rule creation
Likely Cause
Too many similar-looking windows Lists that look similar but have different meanings Multiple similar icons Non-traditional method of scrolling Spotlight metaphor is not obvious or intuitive
Rules must match exact visual context, most PBD system make rules to specific to be reused
Example Rule
- left-hand specifies a before state - right-hand specifies one or more actions to take if state is confirmed
Need robust drawing tools Objects should be important, not their spatial location Flexible object size Support for import of objects Allow incremental testing Increase the level of usability for novice programmers Platform independent implementation